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From Molecules to Metabolism: Urea & Falsification of Vitalism

Explore the synthesis of urea and how it falsified the theory of vitalism. Learn about the components, production, and functions of urea, as well as the role of nitrogen in metabolism. Understand the structure and characteristics of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Discover the importance of functional groups in identifying molecules. Lastly, differentiate between anabolism and catabolism in metabolic pathways.

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From Molecules to Metabolism: Urea & Falsification of Vitalism

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  1. Topic 2.1 Molecules to Metabolism

  2. Urea & Falsification of Vitalism Vitalism – theory the origin and phenomena of life are due to a vital principle, which is different from chemical or physical forces. • Organic compounds could only be made with the help of a “vital principle”

  3. 1872 Urea synthesized artificially – first organic compound • NO Vital Principle involved • Evidence against theory of vitalism Scientist accept that processes in living organisms are governed by same chemical and physical forces as in non-living matter Hemoglobin still not able to be synthesized in lab

  4. Urea • Nitrogen-containing compound w/ simple structure • Component of urine • Naturally produced when excess of amino acids in body, to remove nitrogen • Chemical reactions in liver, catalyzed by enzymes produce Urea • Transported to kidneys  urine • Artificially ammonia + carbon dioxide  ammonium carbamate  urea + water • 100 million tons produced annually. Nitrogen fertilizer

  5. carbon • 15th most abundant element on earth • Forms up to 4 covalent bonds with other atoms, allowing for complex structures • Forms single, double & triple bonds C

  6. Carbohydrates Carbon, hydrogen & oxygen 2 Hydrogen:1 Oxygen Lipids Insoluble in water Steroids, waxes, fatty acids, triglycerides Triglycerides: fats if solid at room temp, oils if liquid

  7. Proteins One or more chains of amino acids All amino acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen 20 amino acids contain sulfer Nucleic acids Chains of nucleotides Nucleotides contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous Deoxyribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid

  8. Functional groups Methyl Group Hydroxyl Group Amino Group Ketone Group Carboxyl Group Aldehyde Group

  9. Ribose • C5H10O5 • 5-membered ring with side chain • 4 carbon atoms in ring, one in side chain • Carbons numbered starting with number 1 on right • Hydroxyl groups (OH) on carbons 1, 2 & 3 point up, down, and down respectively

  10. Glucose • C6H12O6 • Six-membered ring with side chain • 5 carbons in ring, one in side chain • Carbons numbered starting with 1 on right • Hydroxyl group (OH) on carbons 1, 2, 3, 4 point down, down, up and down • *** glucose in plants making cellulose: hydroxyl points up.

  11. Saturated Fatty Acids • Carbon atoms form an unbranched chain • Saturated acids contain only single bonds • Usually between 14-20 carbon atoms • Carboxyl group at one end of chain • 3-hydrogen atoms at other end • All middle carbons bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms

  12. Amino Acids • Carbon in center of molecule, bonded to 4 different things • An amine group • A carboxyl group • A hydrogen atom • The R group, which is variable

  13. Identifying molecules • Proteins contain C, H, O and N • Many proteins contain sulfur. Carbohydrates and lipids don’t. • Carbohydrates contain C, H, O, but No N • Carbohydrates contain hydrogen and oxygen in 2:1 ration • Lipids contain less oxygen than carbohydrates

  14. Metabolism • The sum of all enzyme-catalysed reactions in a cell or organism. • A metabolic pathway is either a chain of events, each catalysed by an enzyme, or a cycle of reaction. http://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/metabolism/enzymes/feedback.gif http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-z5q_jRGpCR4/UZ-DCDTG6XI/AAAAAAAAANM/JJ1JZ-ub7JU/s1600/krebs-cycle.jpg

  15. Anabolism vs. Catabolism • Breakdown of complex molecules to simpler ones • Macromolecules  monomers (protein  amino acid) • Hydrolysis reactions where water is consumed • Example: ? • Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones • Monomers  macromolecules (amino acids  protein) • Condensation reactions where water is produced • Example: ? http://www.anabolicsmall.com/images/anabolic-steroid-alternatives.jpg http://www.mariowiki.com/images/d/d6/Mariohammer.jpg

  16. examples AnabolismCatabolism • Protein synthesis in ribosomes*Digestion of food • DNA synthesis *Cell respiraton • Photosynthesis*Digestion of complex carbon compounds • Synthesis of complex carbohydrates in dead organic matter by decomposers including starch, cellulose & glycogen

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