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INTRODUCTION TO MYTHOLOGY

INTRODUCTION TO MYTHOLOGY. Why? A.T. Veloro. There are things I can ’ t explain. Things that puzzle the mind, Questions for which I need Satisfactory answers to find. Why the dew on the grass?

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INTRODUCTION TO MYTHOLOGY

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  1. INTRODUCTION TO MYTHOLOGY

  2. Why? A.T. Veloro There are things I can’t explain. Things that puzzle the mind, Questions for which I need Satisfactory answers to find. Why the dew on the grass? Why do flowers die?Why death of beauteous things?Why, oh why, oh why?Why the night, why the day?Why the lightning’s blinding flash? Why the wind’s mighty roar? Why the thunder’s deafening crash?Why do eyes open and close? Why can’t they keep open?And why do they open when I want them shut tight in sleep?Why these things I can’t explain;But here I am where destiny brings;My books I read by night and day,Soon to learn the whys of things.

  3. Targets At the end of the lesson, you will know the ff. • interesting trivia about gods and goddesses • distinctive characteristics of myths belonging to the culture • distinctive strengths/ weaknesses in the characters whether human or god • insights that can be gained from the survey of Greek myths At the end of the lesson, you will accomplish the ff. • listen to note details of information • point out the distinctive characteristics of a myth • analyze to draw out distinctive values among characters • read beyond the lines to underscore embedded meanings • submit a scrapbook of modern gods and goddesses

  4. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS At the end of the lesson, the students would have explored the answers to the ff. questions: • Why do people cling to myths for certain beliefs? • Why was there already order and system in the world even during the early civilization period? • What makes you believe that such unthinkable and unimaginable extremes occur in life? • What will happen if people did not behave the way they are expected to by the society? • What would explain for the origin of certain practices and rites? • Why do you think the Romans, Greeks and other civilizations enjoy a high social standing or political power at that time?

  5. Focus Questions for the Lesson • What is a myth? • What are examples of myths you know? • What are the possible elements that make up myths? • Considered now as just entertaining stories, what do myths mean for the early civilizations at that time?

  6. A Brief Introduction • Mythology refers to a set of stories, beliefs, and traditions associated with a particular group or culture and tells about their ancestors, heroes, gods and other supernatural beings and history.

  7. On second thought… • Why do you think the Romans, Greeks and other civilizations enjoy a high social standing or political power at that time? (EQ) • Myths can serve to justify or validate social standing or political power in the secular world.

  8. The Olympians

  9. Zeus (Jupiter) • Supreme Ruler, Master of the Universe • Domain: Sky • Weapon: Thunderbolt and Lightning • King of Gods, God of Kings • First Sex Addict: in all forms (Rhea, Metis, Themis, Demeter, Mnemosyne, Leto, and Hera plus countless of mortals and Ganymede: a young Trojan man)

  10. Hera (Juno) • Goddess of marriage but was not blessed with a happy and peaceful marriage • Wife and sister • Extremely jealous and competitive about beauty • Pursues, punishes, and persecutes her husband’s mistresses and bastard children (perfect archetype of a wife, and mother) • Hera on Echo- from being talkative to repeating senselessly what others had just said

  11. Poseidon (Neptune) • God of the sea, earthquakes and horses • Weapon: Trident • Moody, gruff, and quick to anger • Sensitive towards his position: VS Athena over Athens (five VS four equals terrible flood: to appease his anger, women were stripped off their right to vote and children were stripped off their mother’s name)

  12. Hades (Pluto) • God of the underworld, death and wealth • Though cold and grim, he was neither vicious nor evil • Very private, hates visitors • Weapon: cap or helmet

  13. Hestia (Vesta) • The kindest, most virtuous, and most charitable • Chaste and virgin • Goddess of the hearth, symbol of home

  14. Demeter (Ceres) • Was kind and generous, but if crossed, imposed harsh punishments • Goddess of the corn and harvest

  15. Athena (Minerva) • Goddess of wisdom and of the First in war, first in peace: derived more pleasure from peaceful resolution of disputes • A sure- fire cure for Zeus’ migraine: Athena’s birth • Chaste and virgin • Olive tree and owl • Gray- eyed i.e. flashing

  16. Hephaestus (Vulcan) • Two versions but with one common denominator: Hephaestus is lame. • God of fire as well as the blacksmiths and armorers • Sweet revenge: back in Olympus with the golden throne • The hands that built: the palaces of the Olympian gods, shield of Achilles, and Pandora, the first woman

  17. Ares (Mars) • God of War • Chose sides capriciously and even switched sides in the middle of a war • Took pleasure in the bloodshed, slaughter, and wanton destruction of war • Was not as skillful as a warrior • Disciplined Athena beat him twice • Flees away from a battle twice when wounded or hurt or beaten, trapped inside a bronze jar as well

  18. Aphrodite (Venus) • Goddess of Love and Beauty • Rose from sea foam created when Cronus- the father of Olympians threw Uranus’ severed genitals into the sea • Magic girdle- wearer becomes object of desire • Punished mortals who refused to honor her properly- those that withstood the pleasures of love and celibated • Marriage between her and Hephaestus: extreme opposites attract • Like Hera, she was vain about her beauty • Slept with Dionysus, Hermes, Ares, aside from Hephaestus

  19. Artemis (Diana) • Born nine days earlier than Apollo, her twin brother • Chaste and virgin goddess (Actaeon who turned into a stag) • Goddess of hunting, wildlife childbirth and protector of young children • All the world’s mountains are her domain • Sends wild animals as punishment for offending her

  20. Apollo (Phoebus) • Most Greek of all gods • God of the arts, poetry, music and healing • God of light and truth • Demanded a bow and arrow at four days old and pursued the serpent that tormented his mother, Leto • Oracle of Apollo (Oracle at Delphi)- art of prophecy

  21. Hermes (Mercury) • God of Messengers, Commerce, Market and Trade, Thievery • Little Rascal- demonstrated cunning, deception, thievery and roguery within 12 hours of his birth • Friendly, likable, young god who was loved by mortals • Herald of Zeus and Hades

  22. Dionysus (Bacchus) • Twice- Born God (Weirder: Orpheus’ and Pausanias’ versions) • Lived with mortals • Goat- child • Eat, drink, be merry: never make him mad or you’ll get madder: Dionysian rites • Rewarded those who embraced his godhood with the gift of wine • Once he had completed the work of spreading the word and initiating followers all over the eastern Mediterranean, Dionysus took his proper place among the immortals of Olympus

  23. Quiz • Who is Echo? • Why was she punished by Hera? • What has Echo become after being punished and after being rejected by Narcissus? • Who is Narcissus? • Why was Narcissus punished by Artemis? • How was he punished? • What did he do in the end and what has become of him after?

  24. Quiz 9) What skill was Arachne known for? 10) Why did Athena challenge Arachne into a weaving competition? 11) Who won between them? 12) Why was Arachne punished? 13) What does the myth on Persephone account for? 14) What happened to Earth while Demeter was searching for her daughter? 15) What was the agreement between Hades and Demeter about Persephone?

  25. Functions of Myths as gleaned on some sample myths • What do myths mean for the early civilizations at that time?

  26. The Rape of Persephone • What does the myth attempt to explain then? • What do we believe in now? • Why do early men cling to myths for certain beliefs?

  27. Enduring Understandings • Myths have an explanatory element. They attempt to provide aetiology, to explain otherwise unanswerable questions, to provide reasons that things are the way they are. • The origin or cause of some unexplainable phenomena can be attributed to the gods and goddesses.

  28. why?

  29. Further… • What would explain for the origin of certain practices and rites?

  30. Enduring Understandings • Myths help to explain or justify particular rites or practices. • Myths may have led to the development of particular religious rituals and practices- or even gave rise to the birth of cults devoted to a specific deity. • The rituals, ceremonies, and other rites that we observe today trace their origin to gods and goddesses.

  31. Story of Narcissus and Echo • Why do people believe in strange and extraordinary occurrences in everyday life that are unimaginable and unthinkable?

  32. Enduring Understandings • Myths also explore incomprehensible and possibly terrifying aspects of life. • The gods can be arbitrary, destructive, and unjust to humans, which explains the series of unfortunate events and miseries that happen to some mortals even if they have done nothing to offend the gods, directly or indirectly.

  33. Interesting Inquiries • Why did the gods not rally against Hades for kidnapping Persephone? • Why did Poseidon and Hades not plan to steal Zeus’ throne? • Why did Zeus refuse to take sides in the Trojan War? • Why do gods when they turn fools have to hide their mischief from the others? • Why do they observe a sense of hierarchy and respect each other’s domain?

  34. Enduring Understandings • Myths also serve both a political and religious function- the relationship between gods and human race- explains the ordered universe. • The Olympians inspired the sense of order, organization and system in the world as evident in the government, leadership, and the human way of life.

  35. Story of Arachne • What will happen if people did not behave the way they are expected to by the society?

  36. Enduring Understandings • Myths also pointed the way toward acceptable behavior in interactions with both gods and fellow humans. (by encouraging socially acceptable behavior and discouraging crimes and other sins, such myths helped to uphold and protect the social order, while recognizing and respecting its fragility. • The gods and goddesses pointed out the acceptable norms of interaction between them and humans and among humans themselves, therefore all good deeds are rewarded and all bad deeds are punished.

  37. CLASSICAL MYTHS Symbolic Stories

  38. MYTHS Carry An Essential Element Of Authority

  39. Pandora’s Box

  40. Frailties/ Weaknesses • Narcissus • Echo • Pandora • Arachne • Hera • Demeter • Hades • Zeus • Athena • Is there any difference between humans and gods? • Is there any separation between them?

  41. Strengths and Positive Traits • Is there any difference between humans and gods? • Is there any separation between them?

  42. The Great Debate • Do the gods/ goddesses really exist? (the universe created the gods accdg. to myths) • According to myth, humans were created in the image and likeness of god and so were some of the unfavorable traits and attitudes that humans possess were reflected in the gods and goddesses. • Are they just mere figments of imagination?

  43. Valuing • We mirror Gods as we have been fashioned in their image and likeness. (as all myths would say). • In what ways can we manifest godlike qualities in our present setting?

  44. For the greater good… • Just like gods and goddesses in the myths that are timeless, powerful and influential, we too CAN be the same.

  45. TRANSFER TASK: SCRAPBOOK ON MODERN GODS AND GODDESSES (MEN WHO MATTER) • In a world where the gods and goddesses do not exist anymore in people’s consciousness, we look up instead to people who wield influence, power and change. They may not have magical powers or the Mt. Olympus as dwelling place, but they matter to the society because of the aforementioned factors. What is important is that the change and influence they usher is for the sole good of the society. Thus, the learners will attempt to discover these personalities who matter and who may be considered as modern day gods and goddesses through a scrapbook. To arrive at this output, however, they must accomplish the ff.

  46. TRANSFER TASK: SCRAPBOOK ON MODERN GODS AND GODDESSES (MEN WHO MATTER) • Students will work in groups of six with the ff. roles: • one coordinator (to lead the group, facilitate the work process and provide updates) • four survey conductors (one for each level to conduct survey, tally the results and organize the data/ content for the scrapbook) • two scrapbook organizers (to work on the organization of content compiled in a scrapbook) • They will have to conduct a survey of personalities or figures that matter to the society. The target respondents shall be the Lourdesians. • Sampling will be random but there must be a total of 100 participants with 25 from each level. • Results shall be tallied to arrive at the top ten. Students will use frequency percentage for data analysis.

  47. TRANSFER TASK: SCRAPBOOK ON MODERN GODS AND GODDESSES (MEN WHO MATTER) • After which, the groups will work on the scrapbook to contain the ff. a page for each figure/ personality with short description, reason why he/she/they was/were considered powerful, influential and inspirational through positive contributions to the society and at the same time downside through controversies/ issues that somehow earned a negative impression. Students must understand that both the positive and negative sides contribute to the immensity of the personality now. Information also must contain the domain, weapons and statistic information. • For the scrapbook appeal, the group must place pictures and other artworks.

  48. TRANSFER TASK: SCRAPBOOK ON MODERN GODS AND GODDESSES (MEN WHO MATTER) • Submission of output will be on July 11, Monday. There will be peer assessment to determine extent of participation by the members aside from teacher evaluation for the product/ output. This will be done on July 11 as well. Rubrics or rating scales will be used for assessment and evaluation (to be attached later). Overall, this task will be considered a quiz.

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