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Facts, risk factors, detection, prevention and treatment

Cervical cancer awareness among female medical students in Porto. Facts, risk factors, detection, prevention and treatment. 1 st Protocol Draft 2 nd November ‘09. What is cervical cancer?. Background. A slow developing malignant cancer that starts in the tissues of the cervix.

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Facts, risk factors, detection, prevention and treatment

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  1. Cervical cancer awareness among female medical students in Porto Facts, risk factors, detection, prevention and treatment Introdução à Medicina I Class 16 - 2009/2010 1st Protocol Draft 2nd November ‘09

  2. What is cervical cancer? Background • A slow developing malignant cancer that starts in the tissues of the cervix. • Human papillomavirus (HPV) is implicated in more than 99% of these cancers. (Kaplan-Myrth N, 2007, Family Physicians of Canada) HPV as the necessary main cause • Cervical cancer is most often diagnosed in middle-aged women. • 50% cases in the ages 35-55 • 20% cases in ages over 65 • Rarely diagnosed in women younger than 20 years. They’re still at risk! Cervical cancers develop in older women but result from HPV infections that occurred many years earlier

  3. How common is cervical cancer? Background • Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. (Kaplan-Myrth N, 2007, Family Physicians of Canada) • 40 women die daily in Europe because of cervical cancer.(Ferlay J et al, 2004, Globocan 2002) • In 2002, 956 new cases were diagnosed and 378 women died with cervical cancer, in Portugal.(Ferlay J et al, 2004, Globocan 2002) Incidence in Portugal = 13,5

  4. What is HPV? Background • A family of more than 200 DNA viruses. • Some types are responsible for common and plantar warts. • Other types infect the genital tract – these are transmittable through sexual contact: • intercourse; • oral and anal sex; • genital to genital contact. High-risk types – 16 & 18 Low-risk types – 6 & 11 70% of cervical cancers Most genital warts

  5. Risk cofactors Background • Some factors increase the HPV’s ability to cause cervical cancer. • Smoking (Anna R. Giuliano, 2002) • Other sexually transmitted infections (STI): • Chlamydia • Herpes virus • HIV virus • Immunodepressive drugs • Others increase the probability of getting infected. • Having many sexual partners • Having a partner with many sexual partners

  6. How does cervical cancer develop? Background HPV infection must persist for more than one year Cancer Infected Cervix CIN Normal Cervix Progression HPV Infection Invasion Regression HPV Clearance

  7. Symptoms and detection Background • Early cervical cancer is generally asymptomatic. Regular screening in order to detect precancerous lesions • Detection/screening techniques: HPV DNA test (virological) Papanicolaou smear (cytological) Colposcopy

  8. Prevention Background • Abstinence is the only completely effective method of HPV infection prevention. • Use of condom reduces the chance of getting infected. • Reduced number of sexual partners. • HPV Vaccination – recommended for women aged 6-26. Quadrivalent vaccine (Gardasil®) Types 6, 11, 16 & 18 Bivalent vaccine (Cervarix®) Types 16 & 18 • Vaccination does not substitute routine cervical cancer screening. (Kaplan-Myrth N, 2007, Family Physicians of Canada)

  9. Treatment Background • Treatment depends on the stage and location of the cervical cancer. • Cryosurgery – kills pre-invasive cancers by freezing them • Laser surgery – burning off abnormal tissues and pre-invasive cancers • Cone biopsy – excision of a cone-shaped section of the cervix • Hysteroctomy – excision of the uterus and cervix. • Chemotherapy • Radiation

  10. and motivation Justification • Although knowledge is not a direct predictor of health behavior, it is a key first step to: • Any health education intervention • Appropriate decision-making • Awareness among female medical students has double importance: • They’re young citizens who belong to the risk group • They’re future health professionals, • We believe there’s potential for better results on prevention of cervical cancer.

  11. and aims Research questions • Are female medical students concerned enough about cervical cancer? • Are they conscious of: • Portugal’s situation on cervical cancer? • Availability of vaccine? • Campaigns and recommendations? • We aim to assess students’ knowledge of cervical cancer on several aspects by means of a questionnaire: • HPV connection with cervical cancer • Transmission • Detection and prevention • Also, we want to compare the degree of awareness according to: • Sexual activity • Age • Studies level • Other variables

  12. References • Abotchie PN, Shokar NK. (2009) Cervical cancer screening among college students in ghana: knowledge and health beliefs. Int J Gynecol Cancer: Apr;19(3):412-6 • Ayinde OA, Omigbodun AO, Ilesanmi AO (2004). Awareness of cervical cancer, Papanicolaou's smear and its utilisation among female undergraduates in Ibadan. Afr J Reprod Health. Dec;8(3):68-80. • Chelimo C., Wouldes TA (2009) Human papillomavirus knowledge and awareness among undergraduates in healthcare training in New Zealand. N Z Med J.: Oct 9;122(1304):33-45 • Dinas K, Nasioutziki M, Arvanitidou O, Mavromatidis G, Loufopoulos P, Pantazis K, Dovas D, Daniilidis A, Tsampazis N, Zepiridis L, Theodoridis T, Loufopoulos A. (2009) Awareness of human papillomavirus infection, testing and vaccination in midwives and midwifery students in Greece. J ObstetGynaecol.: Aug;29(6):542-6. • Ferlay J et al, editors, Globocan 2002: Cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide. IARC Cancer Base No.5 Version 2.0. IARC Press 2004. Lyon • FranceGiuliano AR, Sedjo RL, Roe DJ, Harri R, Baldwi S, Papenfuss MR, Abrahamsen M, Inserra P. (2002). Clearance of oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: effect of smoking (United States). Cancer Causes Control. Nov;13(9):839-46.

  13. HausenHZ. (2008) Papillomaviruses--to vaccination and beyond. Biochemistry (Mosc). May;73(5):498-503 • Kaplan-MyrthN, Dollin J. (2007). Cervical cancer awareness and HPV prevention in Canada. Can Fam Physician. Apr;53(4):693-6, 697.Leddy MA, Anderson BL, Gall S, Schulkin J. (2009) Obstetrician-gynecologists and the HPV vaccine: practice patterns, beliefs, and knowledge. J PediatrAdolescGynecol: Aug;22(4):239-46. • Lim FK. (2002). Management of premalignant lesions of the cervix. Ann Acad Med Singapore. May;31(3):357-64. References • Medeiros R, Prazeres H, Pinto D, Macedo-Pinto I, Lacerda M, Lopes C, Cruz E (2005).Characterization of HPV genotype profile in squamous cervical lesions in Portugal, a southern European population at high risk of cervical cancer, Eur J Cancer Prev. 14, 467-71. • MosavelM, Simon C, Oakar C, Meyer S. (2009) Cervical cancer attitudes and beliefs-a Cape Town community responds on World Cancer Day. J Cancer Educ.;24(2):114-9. • Six L, Leodolter S, Sings HL, Barr E, Haupt R, Joura EA. (2008). Prevalence of human papillomavirus types 6, 11, 16 and 18 in young Austrian women - baseline data of a phase III vaccine trial. Wien KlinWochenschr. Nov;120(21-22):666-671

  14. References • SopracordevoleF, Cigolot F, Lucia E, Marchesoni D. (2009) Knowledge of HPV-related genital lesions and of anti-HPV vaccination in a sample of women of north-eastern Italy. Minerva Ginecol.: Apr;61(2):81-7 • TeitelmanAM, Stringer M, Averbuch T, Witkoski A. (2009) Human papillomavirus, current vaccines, and cervical cancer prevention. J ObstetGynecol Neonatal Nurs: Jan-Feb;38(1):69-80 • Vera EG, Orozco HH, Soto SS, Aburto EL. (2008) Condom effectiveness to prevent sexually transmitted diseases. GinecolObstet Mex. Feb;76(2):88-96.

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