1. International Business

2. Exports to GDP ratios (%), 1978–2002

3. Increasing liberalisation of global markets

4. Measuring International Competitiveness Relative Unit Labour Cost (RULC) Relative Labour Cost Relative Exchange Relative Labour Productivity Rate

5. Labour costs and labour productivity 2002

6. Shrinking space Shrinking time Disappearing borders New markets New actors New rules and norms New tools of communication Globalisation

7. Subject based: economists; political scientists; sociologists; international relations specialists Universalisation versus particularisation Homogenisation versus differentiation Integration versus fragmentation Hyperglobalists versus transformationalists Perspectives on globalisation

8. Loss of competence Loss of autonomy Loss of legitimacy Globalisation and the nation state

9. Transnationality Index (TNI) TNI is the average of three ratios: Foreign sales : total sales Foreign employment: total employment Foreign assets : total assets Ranking multination enterprises (MNEs)

10. World’s top five multinationals ranked by TNI (and foreign assets ratio)

11. TNI for the world’s largest 100 MNEs in their home economies 1990 and 2000