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征信机构在贷款追收业务中的作用

征信机构在贷款追收业务中的作用. 新加坡征信局执行董事 林华亮 William Lim, Executive Director Credit Bureau Singapore. The Relationship between Credit Bureau and Collection Agencies. 新加坡征信局简介 Short Introduction on CBS 了解今天的演讲主题：贷款追收 Understanding Debt Collection for Today’s Topic

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征信机构在贷款追收业务中的作用

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  1. 征信机构在贷款追收业务中的作用 新加坡征信局执行董事 林华亮 William Lim, Executive Director Credit Bureau Singapore The Relationship between Credit Bureau and Collection Agencies

  2. 新加坡征信局简介Short Introduction on CBS 了解今天的演讲主题：贷款追收Understanding Debt Collection for Today’s Topic 在一些国家里征信机构的运作情况Credit Bureau Operations in Specific Countries 征信机构和贷款追收机构的商业关系Commercial Relationship between Credit Bureau and Collection Agencies 征信机构与贷款追收机构之间关系的未来发展前景What is the Future for Credit Bureau and Debt Collection Relationship 提纲Objectives

  3. 新加坡征信局 Credit Bureau Singapore

  4. 新加坡征信局简介ABOUT CBS NSP VEA IHPL 邓白氏（S）D&B (S) 邓白氏（M）D&B (M) 新加坡征信局CBS IOB IDB 邓白氏国际 D&B Int 新加坡银行公会 ABS 简写 Key: VEA – Veda Advantage公司 ABS – 新加坡银行公会 Association of Banks in S’pore IHPL – Infocredit控股公司 Infocredit Holdings

  5. 新加坡征信局有限公司由新加坡金融管理局在2002年8月公布设立，以运作新加坡银行公会征信局，为金融机构提供服务Credit Bureau (Singapore) Pte Ltd was gazetted by MAS in August 2002 to operate the ABS Credit Bureau for the financial institutions. 成员Members 所有零售银行All Consumer Banks 金融公司（财务公司）Finance Houses 信用卡发卡机构Credit Cards Issuers 证券经纪公司（即将）Securities Broking Houses (soon) 放贷人（即将）Money Lenders (soon) 新加坡金融管理局批准的其它机构Any Approved Bodies by MAS 新加坡征信局简介About CBS

  6. 新加坡征信局正式成立公告Gazetting of the Bureau 2002年8月21日21 August 2002 Copyright Infocredit

  7. 第一方－－通常为拥有原始债务的企业和部分原始债权人。他们一般不受收帐条例的约束。1st Party – Usually company that owns the original debt and part of original creditor. Usually not subject to collection regulations. 第三方－－不是原始贷款合同的当事方，通常是按风险收益原则运作的收帐机构。它们要遵守收帐条例的规定。3rd Party – Not party to original contract and usually the collection agencies who operate on contingency basis. Attract regulatory guidelines. 收帐－特点Collection - Distinction

  8. 一个最常用的收帐战术－－向征信机构报告。通常，贷款人向欠款人发出催款书，并附最后警告信，说明如不付款将向征信机构报告，不良记录将保留在借款人的档案中。One common tactic to collect Debt – Notification to Credit Bureaus. Typically, demand letters with final letter warning that name will be reported to the credit bureau and listed on the credit file. 拥有不良付款记录的债务人的负面信息会在征信机构的档案中保留7年。这可能导致他未来的信贷申请被拒绝，或贷款成本增加。Prompts action because name deliquent a/c stays for up to 7 years. Future credit may be denied or cost more. 这是强有力的被动收帐工具。违约人在贷款申请遭到拒绝后，会找上门来Powerful passive collection tool. Defaulters call in when credit application denied. 收帐Collection

  9. 该法是为了禁止收债人滥用收债权力。此外，还须遵守其它规范收债行为的联邦法和州法To prohibit abusive practices by debt collectors. Other State and Federal laws governing debt collection practices apply. 与第三方进行沟通－－除了法律规定的个人、律师和个人征信机构外，在没有经过债务人同意的情况下，不得将信息披露给任何第三方Communication with 3rd P – no comms w/o consent on collection of debt to any P other than consumer, attorney, CRA if permitted by law ….. 拒绝偿还债务的债务人清单只能在符合法律规定情形时报告给个人征信机构，否则视为违反该法Violation unless the publication of list of consumers who refuse to pay debts is made to a CRA meeting requirements of the Act. 与收帐相关的法律：《正当收债行为法》Collection Laws – Fair Debt Collection Practices Act

  10. 一些亚洲国家征信机构的实际运营环境Reality of Bureau Operations in Some Asian Countries

  11. 亚太区征信机构的发展 Regional Credit BureauDevelopment 中国（正面／负面）个人／企业 China Credit Reporting Center 韩国（正面信息）个人征信局Sth Korea Positive Consumer Bureau 台湾（正面信息）个人征信局 Taiwan Positive Consumer Bureau 香港（正面信息）/个人/企业征信局 Hong Kong PositiveConsumer/Commercial Bureau 泰国（正面信息）个人征信局 Thailand Positive Consumer Bureau 印度（正面信息）个人/企业征信局 India Positive Consumer/Com Bureau 马来西亚（正面信息）个人/商业征信局 Malaysia Positive Consumer/Commercial Bureau 斐济/萨摩亚（负面信息）征信局／个人/企业 Fiji/SamoaNegative BureauConsumer/Commercial 新加坡（正面信息）个人征信局 Singapore Positive Consumer Bureau 澳大利亚（负面信息）征信局，个人/企业 AustraliaNegative BureauConsumer/Commercial 新西兰（负面信息）征信局，个人/企业 New ZealandNegative BureauConsumer/Commercial

  12. 成熟的立法Mature piece of Legislation 促进信用报告的准确性，保护隐私Promote Accuracy and protect Privacy 征信机构－－收集你的信息并将其出售给贷款人、保险机构和企业的公司Credit Reporting Agencies – Companies that gather and sell Information about you to Creditors, Insurers, Businesses 目的－－信贷交易、招聘、保险发放、儿童赡养义务、筛选承租人等Purposes – Credit Transactions, Employment, Insurance Underwriting, Child Support Obligations, Tenant Screening etc 《公平信用报告法》Fair Credit Reporting Act

  13. 泰国：《信用信息经营法》Thailand – Credit Information Business Act 新加坡《银行法》／自愿性的行为守则Singapore – Banking Act/Voluntary Code of Conduct 马来西亚－－BNM马来西亚中央银行法Malaysia – BNM Central Bank of Malaysia Act 香港：《隐私法》Hong Kong – Privacy Code 台湾：财政当局Taiwan – Min Of Finance 针对征信机构的法规－－现实考虑 Regulations on Bureau – Practical Considerations

  14. 只有金融机构才能获得信用报告，而收帐机构不是金融机构。该法对金融机构有明确定义Only FIs can access credit report and debt collection agency is notconsidered FI. FI is defined in the Act. 只有金融机构会员才能向征信机构提交数据。如果欠付，贷款仍然簿记在金融机构上，则该信息可以提交征信机构 Only members who are FIs can send data to NCB. If loan still booked at FI, the information can be loaded. 泰国－－《信用信息经营法》Thailand – Credit Information Business Act

  15. 严格的立法，征信机构必须获得经营许可证Strict Legislation and Credit Information Company must be licensed 当出现付款违约时，征信机构会员应向征信局报告违约事件的发生日(s.19)When a default for payment occurs, member shall report the date of commencement of default (s.19) 获得的信息只能用于s. 20中规定的目的，即信贷分析或信用卡发放Recipient of Info must used only as prescribed under s. 20 ie. analyzing credit or grant of credit card 惩罚－－民事（ s.41 ）和刑事责任（ s.42 ）Punishment – Civil (s.41) and Criminal Liability (s.42) 泰国－－《信用信息经营法》Thailand – Credit Information Business Act

  16. 遵循银行和金融机构法，以及伊斯兰银行法Banking and Financial Insts Act and Islamic Banking Act also apply. 从所有有经营执照的商业银行、伊斯兰银行、商人银行和财务公司处获得信用信息Uploads credit information from all licensed commercial, Islamic, merchant banks, Fin Hses etc. 通过NRD和SSM来获得个人和企业信息Individual and Company Information through NRD and SSM 数据仅能用于信贷评估。例如，不能将数据用于金融产品的市场营销Access limited to credit evaluation. For eg not for marketing of fin pdts. 信息被设定为保密信息，因此需要符合银行保密要求和对信息的披露限制Information classified as secret so banking secrecy applies and disclosure limited. 马来西亚－－《马来西亚中央银行法》Malaysia –Central Bank of M’sia Act

  17. 属于台湾财政当局的管辖范畴Under purview of MOF 收集贷款信息、拖欠信息、退回（空头）支票信息－－收集的信息很丰富，且仍在不断完善中Loan information, delinquent status, dishonoured cheques – rich data and still evolving 收帐机构无法获得征信中心的信息Collection companies cannot access bureau 正在研究资产管理公司是否可以成为会员Evaluating AMCs to be members 台湾－－财团法人金融联合征信中心（JCIC） Taiwan - JCIC

  18. 规范与个人有关的数据，所有与个人数据有关的数据使用者都须遵守该法Covers data relating to individual and applies to any data user that deals with personal data. 列明了数据保护原则－－目的、收集方式、使用、期限、准确性、安全性等List of Data Protection Principles – Purpose, manner of collection, use, duration, accuracy, security etc. 收帐机构无法获得征信机构数据Collection agencies cannot access bureau 征信局会员须遵守《个人信息资料实务守则》的规定。只有守则表1中规定的人和机构才能获得信用信息Bureau membership subject to Code of Practice on Consumer Credit Data. Access to credit data limited to Schedule 1 of Code. 隐私专员公署权力较大Strong Office of Privacy Commissioner 香港－－隐私法Hong Kong – Privacy Ordinance

  19. 必须根据《银行法》 (s.47, 3rd Sch)进行公告Gazette under the Banking Act (s.47, 3rd Sch) 授权机构－－ TrustSg和CaseTrustAccreditations - TrustSg and CaseTrust 《数据保护法》Data Protection Code 《行为守则》Code of Conduct 只进行信用度评估－－姓名、身份、信贷余度，不包含存款信息等Only Credit Worthiness Evaluation – Name, identity, amount owed, no deposit info etc 目的在于防范收帐或跟踪行动Designed to prevent Collection or Tracing activities 新加坡－－《银行法》 Singapore – Banking Act

  20. 不属于《银行法》的管辖范畴Outside ambit of Banking Act 没有规制框架，从别国引入了最佳实践，但没有覆盖全部应该覆盖的对象Adopt best practices elsewhere without the regulatory framework but lack full coverage 行业中充斥着各自为战的收帐公司，阻碍了行业的发展，监管缺位Hampered by fragmented collection industry and absence of regulations 通过一个叫DunTrade的倡议来收集商业应收帐款信息Commercial receivables through a program call DunTrade 以间接强迫的方式促使债务人履行义务Indirect coercion to discharge debt obligations 新加坡－－非银行个人客户和中小企业征信局Singapore - Non Bank Consumer & SME Bureau

  21. 我们虽然已经多次要求，但是贵方至今仍然没有偿还款项….Inspite of repeated requests, you have failed to effect payment…. 除非我们听到你的答复….我们将把你的帐户违约信息通知征信机构。征信机构是一个跟踪个人信贷历史记录的组织，它会将这些信息提供给其它放贷人。如果你的债务状况信息被其它放贷机构获得，你将无法从他们那里获得信贷便利…Unless we hear from you….turn your account over to the credit bureau. A credit bureau tracks the credit history of consumer debtors in S’pore and offers such information to other credit grantors. Your state of indebtedness may deny you other credit facilities if your information is accessed by other businesses…. 我们十分抱歉，但，是你自己使我们已经没有回旋的余地，我们不得不对您采取这种激烈的行为……如果你在今天之内付出支票的话，你的原有信用度仍然可以维持不变We are sorry to take such drastic action but you leave us with no alternatives…You can preserve your credit rating by remitting your cheque today…. 信函样本Sample Letter

  22. 征信机构与追收机构的商业关系－－哪些是可能的？Commercial Relationship – What is Possible

  23. 债务评分Debt Scoring 数据确认（姓名、地址、出生日期、职业）Validation of Data (Name , Address, DOB, Employment) 施加还款压力Payment Pressure 被动型回收Passive Collection 披露违约行为Default Exposure 地址位置Address Location 收帐人利用征信机构数据库的目的Debt Collectors Use of Bureau Database

  24. 上传违约客户信息Default Consumer Uploads * 关于客户地址变更的电子警示服务Consumer New Address e-Alert 电子白页核实Electronic White Pages Verification 电话所在位置Phone Locator 更新客户违约信息Consumer Default Updates 删除客户违约信息Consumer Default Deletion 保理转让Factoring Assignment * 个人客户违约转托 Delegate Individual Consumer Default * 可为收帐公司提供的具体服务 Examples of Specific Services for Collection Agencies

  25. 丰富了“全面档案”信息中的数据Data assists in “Full File” Information 丰富和增加数据库的价值Enrich and Increase value of Database 是数据监控的附加要素Additional Element for Data Monitoring 通过增加监控触发因素来提高利润率Enhanced Profitabilty through increased monitoring triggers 更多的地址跟踪要素Additional Address Tracing Element 可用于建模目的的数据Data for Modeling Purposes 征信机构利用收帐数据Bureau Use of Collection Data

  26. 回收评分Recovery Score 监控－－将收帐数据当作一个触发因素Monitoring – Collection Data used as a trigger 地址跟踪－－利用征信机构数据来进行跟踪的作用很大Address Tracing – High use of bureau data for tracing 新情况报告－－征信机构能够侦察到已冲销债务的新回收机会New Circumstances Reporting – Bureau can detect increased recovery opportunity for written off debts 收帐公司－－对征信机构来说，是能付费和有价值的客户Collection Agencies – Paid and valued clients 征信机构开发产品的机会Bureau Product Opportunity

  27. 数据完整性－－错误信息，有争议的信息，过时信息Data Integrity – Erroneous element, disputed, outdated 监控从收帐公司获得数据的质量的成本较高Costly exercise to monitor data quality from Collection Agencies 违约信息可能重复装载Duplicate loading of Defaults 很难确认帐户余额Validation of outstanding amount difficult 个人客户对收帐数据的投诉会增加Increased consumer complaint to collection data 征信机构面临的问题Bureau Issues

  28. 必须实现双赢，且存在商业可持续性Must be win/win and commercially viable 监控数据质量和追收战术Monitor data quality and collection tactics 数据更新是关键－－如果可能的话，最好是自动化更新Data Update is Critical – automate wherever possible 征信机构应制定显示重复性债务的政策Bureau to set policy on display of duplicate debt 数据查询必须遵守所有法律法规的规定和征信机构会员的合约义务Database access must meet all regulatory and member contractual obligations. 征信机构和收帐公司 Bureau and the Collection Agency

  29. 前景－－水晶球方式The Future - Crystal Ball Approach

  30. 亚洲面临的挑战The Challenge in Asia – (1) 没有或缺乏对收帐公司的规范Absence or lack of regulation on collection agencies 缺乏成熟的征信机构Lack of Maturity in Bureau 对数据隐私问题的关注在提高New Awareness in Data Privacy 观察－我们可以期待些什么？Observations – What can we expect ?

  31. (2) 征信机构由各国中央银行监管或驱动Bureaus regulated or driven by Central Banks 收帐公司太注重商业利益，有时名声不太好Collection Agencies commercially driven and sometimes stigmatic 观察－我们可以期待些什么？Observations – What can we expect ?

  32. 谢谢！Thank You

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