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The Fusion of Rock: Global Influences and Evolution

Explore the evolution and fusion of rock music with global genres, tracing its roots from jazz-rock collaborations like Miles Davis's "Bitches Brew" to the rhythmic complexities of reggae and Latin influences. Discover how traditional styles such as Afro-Cuban rhythms and ska shaped modern rock, enriched by artists like Carlos Santana and Bob Marley. This exploration highlights the significance of incorporating diverse musical elements and how these fusions have contributed to the mainstream popularity of rock music across the globe.

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The Fusion of Rock: Global Influences and Evolution

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  1. Fusions: Rock and the World

  2. Fusion • As rock dominates popular music in U.S. and Europe, other types of music have to • Reject influence • Incorporate rock into national or established styles • = fusion

  3. Rock Fusions - Types • Fusion popular mostly in country of native music • Ex. Yoruban Highlife • Popularity outside of native country • Become part of rock mainstream

  4. Jazz-Rock Fusion • Jazz influence on solos, individual songs • Bands or artists whose sound is heavily influenced by jazz • Ex: Chicago, Blood, Sweat and Tears • Jazz artists incorporate rock beats, ensembles into modern jazz

  5. Miles Davis • Jazz trumpeter • Innovator of many different jazz styles • Bebop • Cool jazz • Free jazz • Album Bitches’ Brew primary testament of jazz-rock fusion • Ex: Pharoah’s Dance

  6. World music fusions • “World music” popular in U.S. from early 20th c. • Afro - Cuban dances: mambo, rhumba • Brazilian: samba • Sixteen-beat style beat • Complicated rhythmic interplay between parts

  7. Latin-Rock fusion • Little influence beyond Latin rhythms, percussion • More directly influences jazz, blues, R&B • Influence on rock delayed until 1960s

  8. Carlos Santana (1947- ) • Mexican-born guitarist • Forms Santana Blues Band in San Francisco in 1966 • Fused blues and Afro-Cuban rhythms • Heavy Latin flavor

  9. Santana - Style characteristics • Rhythmic layering • Two conga drummers + auxiliary Latin percussion + rock drummer • Drums frequently create cross-rhythms, polyrhythms • Little to no emphasis on backbeat • Organ/electric keyboards integral part of sound • Lyrics sometimes in Spanish

  10. Santana - Oye Como Va • Cover of mambo by Tito Puente • Opening organ riff – Latin rhythms • As is bass riff – but don’t coincide • Guitar riff laid over that • Distortion, pedal effects • Riff drops out under vocals • Forms basis for solos, bridges

  11. Reggae • Most popular world music/rock fusion • imported from Jamaica in early 70s • Huge influence on rock, popular music

  12. Roots of Reggae • Jamaican musicians in late ‘50s-’60s start to play American R&B • Some bands fuse R&B and jump blues with mento • Jamaican folk music • Resulting fusion = ska

  13. Ska • 4 beat style beat, like swing • Accent on afterbeats = in between beats (1 and 2 and3 and4 and) • Creates overall sense of delay • Little emphasis on the bass

  14. Derrick Morgan - Lover Boy • Most ska includes horns • Influenced by Mexican Mariachi • Often R&B influenced sax solos • Another example – Prince Buster – “Madness”

  15. Rock Steady • Emerges c. 1965 • Ska influenced by Stax soul • Gospel influence, call-and-response vocals • Heavier bass lines • Slower, more flexible rhythmically • Example – Derrick Morgan, “Tougher than Tough”

  16. Jamaican rock fusion in UK • First: UK hit My Boy Lollipop - Millie Small (1963) • produced by Chris Johnson, founder of Island Records • More exposure on radio than in Jamaica • Ska and rock steady disseminated via “sound systems”

  17. Toasting and Dubbing • Sound system DJs lay down rhythmic patter over intro to ska and rock steady records = toasting • DJs start to manipulate record to extend, alter intro • dubbing • Eventually dubs(heavily produced remixes of singles or new instrumentals) recorded in studio

  18. Reggae • From Toots and the Maytals “Do the Reggay” • Slow, loping tempo • Greater rhythmic complexity than rock steady • Supported by syncopated bass riffs • normally avoid first beat of bar

  19. Popularity of Reggae • Reggae rhythms arrived in U.S., U.K. by 1970 • Johnny Nash, I Can See Clearly Now • Paul Simon, Mother and Child Reunion • First Jamaican reggae star Jimmy Cliff • Several modest hits in U.K. • Stars in 1972 film The Harder They Come • Cult hit in the U.S.

  20. Bob Marley (1945-81) • Lead singer of the Wailers • First album, Catch a Fire, first real reggae album. • Second – Burnin’ – hit in U.S. • Exposure from Clapton’s cover of “I Shot The Sheriff”

  21. Bob Marley - Characteristics • Lyrics political/social commentary • Rastafarianism • Social justice • Keyboards crucial part of ensemble • Jamaican percussion plays prominent role • Moderate to slow tempos

  22. Bob Marley and the Wailers - Get Up, Stand Up • Very socially conscious lyrics • Several layers of rhythmic activity • Bass riff (different in verse, refrain) • Ska beat in cymbal, guiro • Keyboard • Drums (rock beat) • Thick, dense texture • Primary interest rhythmic

  23. Reggae - Influence • Reggae-inspired hits common in late 70s-early 80s: Paul Simon, Blondie, Stevie Wonder, Police • Crucial component of late ‘70s-early ‘80s post-punk new wave

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