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THE PRODUCTION OF GMO’S

THE PRODUCTION OF GMO’S. A. GENES (DNA) ARE CUT AT SPECIFIC DNA SEQUENCES BY PROTEINS KNOWN AS RESTRICTION ENZYMES. EXAMPLES INCLUDE EcoRI, BamI, AND HaeIII. B. THERE ARE OVER 75 DIFFERENT RESTRICTION ENZYMES AND EACH ONE CUTS DNA AT A PARTICULAR SEQUENCE OF BASES. THESE ARE VERY SPECIFIC.

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THE PRODUCTION OF GMO’S

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  1. THE PRODUCTION OF GMO’S

  2. A. GENES (DNA) ARE CUT AT SPECIFIC DNA SEQUENCES BY PROTEINS KNOWN AS RESTRICTION ENZYMES. EXAMPLES INCLUDE EcoRI, BamI, AND HaeIII.

  3. B. THERE ARE OVER 75 DIFFERENT RESTRICTION ENZYMES AND EACH ONE CUTS DNA AT A PARTICULAR SEQUENCE OF BASES. THESE ARE VERY SPECIFIC.

  4. C. AFTER THE CUTTING, THE DNA FRAGMENTS CAN BE ISOLATED, SEPARATED AND ANALYZED. • D. THESE GENES MAY THEN BE ADDED TO OTHER CELL’S GENETIC MATERIAL.

  5. E. BACTERIAL PLASMIDS ARE OFTEN USED TO RECEIVE THESE CUT OR ISOLATED GENES.

  6. F. THE PLASMID IS TREATED WITH THE SAME RESTRICTION ENZYME AS THE ORIGINAL DNA FROM WHICH THE ISOLATED GENE WAS OBTAINED.

  7. G. THIS PRODUCES “STICKY ENDS” ON THE CUT PLASMIDS WHICH WILL ADHERE TO THE “STICKY ENDS” OF THE SOURCE DNA.

  8. H. THIS RECOMBINANT DNA MAY THEN BE TAKEN IN BY LIVING BACTERIAL CELLS. • I. THESE CELLS BECOME EXACT COPIES AND ARE CALLED CLONES. THEY ARE TRANSGENIC.

  9. J. THE FIRST CLONED MAMMAL WAS “DOLLY” IN 1997. • 1. IAN WILMUT TOOK THE NUCLEUS FROM A SHEEP EGG CELL.

  10. 2. THIS NUCLEUS WAS REPLACED WITH A NUCLEUS TAKEN FROM AN ADULT SHEEP. • 3. THE EGG WAS THEN PLACED IN THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF A FOSTER MOTHER WHERE IT DEVELOPED NORMALLY.

  11. 4. DOLLY WAS A GENETIC COPY, CLONE, OF THE ADULT FROM WHICH THE NUCLEUS WAS TAKEN.

  12. DNA FINGERPRINTING

  13. A. RESTRICTION ENZYMES ARE USED TO CUT THE DNA SAMPLE INTO FRAGMENTS. • B. GEL ELECTROPHORESIS IS THEN EMPLOYED TO ALLOW SEPARATION OF THE DIFFERENT SIZED FRAGMENTS

  14. C. BANDS ARE PRODUCED IN THE GEL AFTER STAINING. THESE BANDS ARE CALLED RFLPS. • D. THIS PRESENTS A PATTERN THAT CAN BE USED FOR COMPARISON PURPOSES.

  15. FINAL REVIEW • AUTOSOMES • SOMATIC CELLS • HEMOPHILIA • DNA LIGASE • MUTATIONS • ELECTROPHORESIS • SEX-LINKED VS AUTOSOMAL

  16. FINAL GENETICS TEST REVIEW

  17. DOMINANT-RECESSIVE • HYBRID-PURE • HETEROZYGOUS-HOMOZYGOUS • PRINCIPLE OF SEGREGATION • ALLELES • MUTATIONS • PHENOTYPES

  18. TEST CROSS • GENOTYPE-PHENOTYPE • MULTIPLE ALLELES • CODOMINANCE • SEX-LINKAGE • A-B-O BLOOD TYPES • Rh BLOOD TYPES

  19. AUTOSOMES • SEX CHROMOSOMES • T.H. MORGAN • COLORBLINDNESS • POLYGENIC INHERITANCE • CHROMOSOMAL NONDISJUNCTION • PLASMIDS

  20. GENETIC ENGINEERING • MUTAGENESIS • RESTRICTION ENZYMES • CLONES • DNA SEQUENCING • HYBRID VIGOR • MUTAGENS

  21. LUCIFERASE • PRENATAL SAMPLING • DNA FINGERPRINTING • SELECTIVE BREEDING • TRANSGENIC • GMO • GENOME

  22. INTERFERON • GOOD LUCK ON THE TEST!!

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