APWH REVIEW

1. APWH REVIEW Boundary 3 1450-1750

2. Why is B. 3 important? • 1. For the first time in history the western hemisphere is in contact with the eastern hemisphere. This is due to technological innovations, strengthened political organization, and economic prosperity which altered world trade patterns. • 2. Sea-based trade is going to gain control and prestige over land-based systems.

3. 3. European nations emerge as a world power. • 4. Nomadic power dwindled as sea-based trade became more important. They continued to cause some problems with the land-based empires. • 5. Labor systems are changed with the acquisition of colonies in the Americas. The mita, encomienda, and African slave labor are all used. In addition indentured servitude will be used in N. America by the British.

4. 6. “Gunpowder Empires” emerge in the Middle East and Asia. These empires used new weapons and technology to gain strength, but will have problems with communication, defense, and financial stressors so their power will decline by the end of this boundary. (Safavid Empire, Mughal Empire, Ottoman Empire)

5. Exploration • In the end of boundary 2 (~1400) Ming Emperor Yongle sent Zheng He and his treasure ships (junks) to regain hegemony over surrounding areas. • Yongle wanted to convince other civilizations that China had regained their power and they also wanted to reinstitute tribute.

6. ~1450 European monarchs wanted to establish trade routes that benefited themselves, and wanted to spread Christianity. • Portugal and Spain were the first European nations to explore seriously. Portugal already dominated the Indian Ocean Trade but wanted to expand, while Spain wanted a piece of the maritime trade pie.

7. Portugal and Spain, upon finding the Americas, split up the land with the Pope’s permission in the Treaty of Tordesillas. • In the 1500’s Portuguese power will decline while Spain will continue to take more land in the Americas. Hernan Cortes will have a huge effect when he conquers the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan in 1519. In the 1520’s Francisco Pizarro defeated the Inca. • The French and English took control of North America, did not clash over land until the 1700’s.

8. Consequences of the Americas • Great Circuit: connects N. America, S. America, Europe, and Africa. This is a significant change. • Columbian Exchange: the exchange of foods, animals, and disease along the Great Circuit between the four continents. • These goods had tremendous results on diet and health, but disease had devastating results on populations.

9. How did this Maritime Revolution Happen? • Guns and gunpowder: adapted from Chinese invented explosives, these two items intimidated Native Americans • Ships technology: deep drafts and round hulls allowed for sailing on the Atlantic • Compass: technology taken from the Arabs, needed for accurate location • Astrolabe: technology taken from the Arabs needed for accurate location

10. Cartography: art of mapmaking is taken more seriously and accurately. • Mercator Projection: relatively accurate map for lands around the equator • Chart: p. 94: Compare and Contrast Colonial Political and Social Structures of Spain and England

11. The Gunpowder Empires • This is a time of growth for Islamic civilization and a prosperity for Muslim Empires. • Each of the three Muslim Empires (Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal) were founded by Turkic nomads, but there was political division and military clashes between them. • They all had courts modeled on earlier Islamic dynasties.

12. Similar problems • Inadequate transportation and communication systems to support such a large land-based empire. • Military leadership operated independent from the government while the bureaucracies were weak and unable to control the warrior elite population. • European countries that were smaller in size (territory and population) could mobilize easier and the Muslim Empires focused too much on one another and left Europe to new discoveries and reform.

13. Patronage in the Islamic Empires • The emperors in the Islamic Empires competed to attract the best scholars, literary writers, artists, and architects to their courts. • Suleyman the Magnificent built a religious complex in the Ottoman Empire. • The Safavid Empire, Isfahan, was very beautiful architecturally. • In the Mughal Empire, Emperor Shah Jahan, dedicated the white marble mosque and tomb, the Taj Majal, to the memory of his wife

14. Weakened Ming Dynasty • Changes in the climate brought uncontrollable weather which led to drought and famine. • The 1500’s saw the reemergence of the Mongols who bestowed the leader of Tibet the title dalai lama for supporting him. • Korea, a tributary state of China, was attacked by Japan and needed to be supported militarily. • Sea trade is becoming more important and pirates began stalking Chinese and Japanese ships. This also brings an end to the Silk Road and the economic security it once brought.

15. The emperors in the Forbidden City were completely cut off from the unhappy population.

16. The Early Qing Dynasty • The Manchu overthrew the Ming in 1644 and called the empire Qing (pure) because they saw themselves as returning China to glory. • They were not truly viewed as Chinese, however, because they were from the North and were “outsiders” like the Mongols.

17. They adopted the mandate of heaven, which they used as justification for taking over the Ming. • They kept their ethnic identity and forbid marriage between Manchus and Chinese. • They outlawed the Chinese from learning Mandarin, and required Chinese men to shave their heads and grow long queues as the back of their heads as a sign of submission. • Until the late 1700’s, China is in a golden age where two leaders have long, prosperous reigns (Kangxi and Qianlong)

18. Kangxi was a brilliant ruler who was a Confucian scholar, poet, supporter of education, and a conquering warrior. • In the early Qing days, China was so prosperous it cancelled taxes several times because the government simply did not need the money. • Contact with the West is going to increase during the early Qing period. • The Jesuits are going to be very aggressive about going into China. Matteo Ricci impressed the Chinese with his education, brilliance, and respect for Chinese culture. They also showed off their skills in science and technology. • The Jesuits had little success converting the people, and when the Pope denied ancestor worship, Kangxi ordered an end to the Jesuit ministries.

19. The Europeans, in the mean time, had become hooked on silk, tea, porcelain, wallpaper, and other decorative items. • The European elite boasted Kangxi as a philosopher king, and he in turn created the Canton system. • All trade was supervised and the Chinese were very wary of the Europeans.

20. Cultural and Intellectual Life in China • The Ming and early Qing emperors looked to Chinese traditions to strengthen cultural and intellectual life. • New-Confucianism becomes very strong and numerous Confucian schools are founded by emperors to reinforce beliefs. • The civil service exams were maintained, and Chinese literature, philosophy, and histories are written during this time. • The printing press makes popular novels available to literate businessmen and books are now being put in the hands of more than just the scholars.

21. Tokugawa Japan • Until the early 1600’s,the Japanese daimyos (regional lords) operated independently from the shoguns. • In the early 1600’s the daimyos became united under the very powerful Tokugawa family. • The Tokugawa Shogunate was honored in ceremony and a capital was placed at Edo. Daimyos were forced to attend council at Edo every other year which gave them less time to work on their armies back home. This ensured safety to the Shogunate.

22. The Japanese are wary of Christian missionaries due to their observation of the Spanish conquest of the Philippines. • They were also worried that some daimyos might conspire with the Europeans to overthrow the T.S. • In the 1630’s Japan was closed to foreign trade and forbid all Japanese from going abroad and expelled all Europeans form Japan. • They carefully controlled trade with other Asians. The policies were very strict, but hard to control at great distances.

23. The Russian Empire • By the 1600’s, while China is in a golden age, Russia has expanded almost to its present borders. • They shared problems with China, including attacks by nomads. • Peter the Great looked westward for guidance in strengthening a growing empire. • Russia’s early days had been shaped by the Byzantine Empire, but the tsar power faded when Byzantium fell at the hands of the Ottomans in 1453.

24. Before Peter, Russia had almost no contact with Western Europe and it lacked the warm water ports to participate in sea-based trade. • The feudalistic structure meant czars had a hard time controlling boyars (Russian nobility) who often plotted against them. • The tsars practiced absolutism which was backed by a divine right to rule granted by the Russian Orthodox Church.

25. Peter the Great was intrigued by Europeans at a young age and turned his country more western by imitating western ways through a variety of reforms. • 1. He built an army by offering better pay and drafted serfs to serve as professional soldiers. • 2. He organized roads and communication systems through the development of infrastructure. • 3. Gained territory along the Baltic Sea from the Swedish, and tried unsuccessfully to gain territory along the Black Sea from the Ottomans.

26. 4. He created a system for the government to more effectively tax the citizens. Peter replaced the boyars as tax collectors and hired merit based employees which eventually did away with the titles of nobility. • 5. He moved the capital and his court from Moscow to St. Petersburg which had European architecture. • Catherine the Great will further strengthen the Russian Empire during her reign.

27. African Kingdoms • Songhay was the largest and most organized empire in Africa (NW.) It was earlier controlled by Mali, and brought trade to Timbuktu and Jenne. • The cities were beautiful and prosperous. Islam was the religion supported by the elite. • They did not have guns and were defeated by Moroccan forces in 1591. • The Swahili city-states were also captured by the Portuguese in the 1500’s.

28. The Kingdom of Kongo in central Africa and the Atlantic Ocean was a centralized state in the 1300’s. The Portuguese traded with them in the 1400’s and converted the king to Christianity. • The Portuguese traded textiles, weapons, advisors, and craftsmen for gold, silver, ivory, and slaves. • The African slave trade existed before the Great Circuit, but the number increased dramatically as a result of the founding of the Americas. Slaves were captured during conflict between tribes.

29. The Slave Trade • The Americas valued strong male slaves to work the plantations. • The Middle East and India valued women for wealthy harems, or household duties. Some males were desirable as well to serve in the armies for the Gunpowder Empires.

30. Trade in the Americas • The Great Circuit involved 3 legs • 1. Europe to Africa: hardware, guns, Indian cotton • 2. Africa to Americas: middle passage carried slaves • 3. Americas to Europe: plantation goods

31. Labor Systems in the Americas • Early on the Spanish and Portuguese used the Native Americans for slave labor in the mita and the encomienda. • In the Inca mita every male worked 1/7 of his life working for the state at a few months each year. The Spanish used this with the silver mines, but found too many Amerindians were dying. • The encomienda was in use during the 16th century for agricultural work.

32. From 1750 on most slaves went to the Caribbean for sugar cane cultivation. There was a strong demand for tea from China and sugar from the Americas. • In North America tobacco plantations will require intense labor although the climate is generally more suitable for maintaining health and even population growth. • As plantations spread south other crops, such as cotton, kept the slave trade alive.

33. Major Shifts in Demographics • 1. European population rising: due to new foods and lack of plague • 2. Population in Americas decreasing: due to Amerindian death • 3. No population decrease in Africa: some areas reflected population losses, but overall the population was on the rise

34. Cultural/Intellectual Developments • Trade, as a result of the Crusades, made some city-states very wealthy (Venice, Genoa, Florence.) • Wealthy families will become patrons for artists during the Renaissance (Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.) • The Renaissance is an attempt to revive the values of the classical civilizations of the Mediterranean (Greece and Rome.) • There was an emphasis on the capabilities of humans rather than God (humanism.)

35. This interest also sparked a new interest in math and science. • Mathematical traditions had been preserved and built upon by Muslim scholars. • Copernicus will us Nasir al-Din’s calculations and conclude a heliocentric model which was not published until after his death. • Galileo Galilei built on C.’s model while Johannes Kepler calculated the movement of planets in an elliptical orbit. • In the late 17th, early 18th century, Isaac Newton formulated a set of mathematical laws for the force of gravity. • The printing press, used first in 1454 inspired writers and creative interests throughout Europe.

36. The Protestant Reformation • The Catholic Church will be loosing power during B.3 • Scientists and literary writers are beginning to challenge the church, and the Pope’s political power was compromised as centralization of government gave more authority to kings. • The Catholic Church was very rich by the early 1500’s and many kings resented the amount of land that was owned by the Church.

37. Martin Luther believed that Christians who have faith form a strong bond with God. • He believed that the church practice of accepting indulgences directly contradicted the notion that a true believer naturally does good works. He did not like the fact that the church was offering promises of salvation for a price.

38. Luther’s writings became widely accepted in Germany where Protestantism took a firm hold. • John Calvin will start up Calvinism in Scotland. Calvinism focuses on predetermination/predestination. • King Henry VIII of England will also provide the Catholic Church with a blow when he starts the Anglican Church in defiance to The Pope. • These religious movements lead Europe Christian but deeply divided feeding into more competition between the European nations.

39. The Early Enlightenment • During the 17th century, the Sci. Rev. began to be applied to social and political areas of life: the Enlightenment. • Enlightenment philosophers were inspired by the scientists and the Reformation, and believed that there were laws that governed social and political behavior. • In England, the English Civil War resulted in the decapitation of the king, political authority going to the Parliament, and John Locke reconsidering the nature of the government. • He argued that the right to rule came from the consent of the governed, not by God. If monarchs overstepped their boundaries the people should rebel.