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Benign oesophageal disease

Benign oesophageal disease. 10-30% of patients with suspected angina don't have coronary disease. From these 50% will have oesophageal disorders. Anatomy. - Muscular tube - Conduit from the pharynx to the stomach - C6 (Cricoid cartilage) to below the diaphragm

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Benign oesophageal disease

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  1. Benign oesophageal disease

  2. 10-30% of patients with suspected angina don't have coronary disease. From these 50% will have oesophageal disorders.

  3. Anatomy - Muscular tube - Conduit from the pharynx to the stomach - C6 (Cricoid cartilage) to below the diaphragm - From the incisor 40-45 cm (actual 20-25cm) - Passes behind aortic arch and left main bronchus. - Enters abdomen through oesophageal hiatus → 2-4 cm below the diaphragm

  4. Anatomy - Held in position by: . Reflection of the peritoneum onto the stomach . Phreno-oesophageal ligament to the oesophagus .

  5. Anatomy Three area of narrowing - Cricopharangeus - Behind the aortic arch - LOS (thickening of the circular muscles ~ 4cm) The muscles upper 1/3 of oesophagus is striated, remainder is smooth muscle peristalsis wave 4-6cm/s (reflex regulated in the medulla)

  6. Arterial supply: Venous drainage: Upper → inferior thyroid artery Middle → Bronchial arteries and oesophageal branches directly from aorta Lower → L inferior phrenic and gastric Upper → oesophageal venous plexus to azygos vein Lower → oesophageal branches of the coronary vein, a tributary of the portal vein

  7. Histology: - Stratified columnar epithelium with scattered mucus glands - No serosa hence does not heal as well as the rest of GIT - Lower Oesophageal Sphincter (LOS) Contraction: α-adrenergic & cholinergic Gastrin Relax: β-adrenergic,VIP and NO CCK & glucagon

  8. Symptoms: - Dysphagia: difficulty swallowing - Odynophagia: pain on or painful swallowing - Globus: lump in the throat - Heart burn: Stomach/Substernal burning sensation radiating up to the neck and relieved acutely (but transiently) by antacids

  9. Oesophageal Motility Disorders(1) (i) Achalasia (ii) Others Diffuse oesophageal Spasm Nutcracker Oesophagus Hypertensive LOS Scleroderma & other collagen- vascular disorders (eg CREST)

  10. Diffuse oesophageal Spasm - 3-5% of motility disorders - Normal peristalsis + Spontaneous contraction + increase in LOS pressure - Aetiology is unknown, ? defect in neural inhibition normally mediated by NO - Hypersensitive oesophagus - Dx on Manometry - Endoscopy is unremarkable & Ba Swallow is N or disorganised (Corckscrew)

  11. Diffuse oesophageal Spasm

  12. Nutcracker Oesophagus Hypertensive LOS - High amplitude peristaltic waves (>180mmHg) prolonged (>6s) - Endoscopy unremarkable but Endo US shows thickening of muscularis propria - Higher incidence of psychiatric disorders - Elevated LOS pressure (>45mmHg) with normal peristalsis - LOS relaxation is normal

  13. Treatment - Medical Rx effective in 80% - Agents acting on Smooth Muscle (eg Nitrates, Ca channel blockers), - Psychoactive agents (eg Benzodiazepines, Tricyclics) (?more effective) - Botox injection - Surgical Rx, reserved for Px with dysphagia and poor oesophageal emptying Myotomy (Lap / Thoracoscopic)

  14. Ineffective motility - Scleroderma (80% of Px), other Collagen Vascular disorders (SLE, RA, MCTD), Amyloidosis, Alcoholism, MS, myxoedema etc - Affect the myenteric plexus + fibrosis and vascular obliteration (Predominantly distal SM) - ↓ or absent peristalsis and LOS pressure

  15. Achalasia - Uncommon (0.5-1 in 100,000), M=F, 20-50s - Ineffective relaxation of the LOS combined with loss of oesophageal peristalsis → impaired oesophageal emptying and gradual dilatation - ↓ or loss of inhibitory myenteric ganglion cells & progressive neural fibrosis - Also decreased production of NO & VIP - Slight increase risk of SCC

  16. Achalasia - Presentation - Dysphagia - delayed and progressive presentation (mean 2 years) - Stress or cold fluid exacerbates symptoms - Spontaneous or forced regurgitation of undigested food - 10% will have pulmonary complication - Can have heartburn (not GORD) - Chest pain (≠ heartburn) - 30-50% resolves with Myotomy

  17. Achalasia - Diagnosis - Air fluid levels on plain Xray - Ba swallow: dilated oesophagus with Bird's beak tapering - Manometry is gold standard . Resting LOS pressure is usually normal (may be elevated) . Complete absence of peristalsis - Endoscopy: dilated oesophagus with tightly closed LOS  gentle pressure will admit the scope with a "pop“.

  18. Achalasia - Diagnosis

  19. Achalasia - Treatment - Palliation of dysphagia → relieve functional obstruction of distal oesophagus (neuromuscular defect is not corrected) Medical (Nitrates and Ca channel blockers) . Poorly absorbed, inconsistent and short lived effect . SE.

  20. Achalasia - Treatment - Botox injection: bind to cholinergic nerves and irreversibly inhibit Acetyl Choline release - 60-85% of patient get relief but 50% get recurrent symptoms within 6 months. - Efficacy decreased with repeated injection - Expensive - Cause intense inflammatory reaction which will make subsequent surgery more difficult and increase risk of perforation.

  21. Achalasia - Treatment - Graded pneumatic dilatation (under fluoroscopy) Tears the muscle (myotomy) 30mm for 1-3min (day procedure) Can have repeated dilatation 60-90% success rate Efficacy is decreased after second dilatation perforation rate ~ 2%

  22. Achalasia – Surgical treatment - Originally performed by Ernest Heller in 1914 for Achalasia Two myotomies: anterior and posterior - Modified Heller: anterior only - Excellent results in 90-95% - Traditionally trans-thoracic or trans-abdominal - Now minimally invasive Laparoscopic / Thoracoscopic

  23. Achalasia – Surgical treatment - Controversies Length of myotomy Proximal 5-7 cm above GOJ ? evidence(1) longer gastric myotomies (>3cm) better relief from dysphagia Need for antireflux procedure as well

  24. Benign oesophageal tumours - From any layer - Mucosal: . Papillomas (sessile or pedunculated) - Intramural: . Leiomyoma, Fibroma Lipoma . Congenital cysts or reduplication (lower)

  25. Benign oesophageal tumours - Asymptomatic or may be large enough to encroach the lumen - Peristalsis is normal with Leiomyoma, but spasm with cysts and reduplication - Intraluminal lesions Dx on Endoscopy (should Bx) - Intramural lesions Dx Radiologically (smoothly rounded) should not be Bx

  26. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease - Reflux of gastric content is normal - GORD is when affects patient’s well being . Symptoms . Physical complications - Common - (difficult to assess - Px self treat) - 75% of oesophageal disease in clinical practice In the US(2)40% monthly 14% weekly (15-20% Australia) 7% daily

  27. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease Pathogenesis: - Excessive exposure and reduced clearance of gastric content - Competent LOS Resting pressure >6mmHg Abdominal location of LOS (>1cm) (diaphragmatic crura and intra abdominal pressure) Total length >2 cm - Recurrent / prolonged relaxation

  28. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease - Normal gastric emptying - Adequate oesophageal clearance - Contributing Factors: Familial, Obesity, Diet (Fat, Chocolate, Caffeine), Smoking, Drugs - Hiatus hernia 85% of Px with reflux have a sliding hernia But most people with a sliding hernia don’t have disabling symptoms

  29. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease Symptoms Mild / Severe - Heartburn (also in PUD and 40% IBS Px) - Regurgitation of previously ingested food - Waterwash (saliva production) - Dysphagia (defective peristalsis / stricture) - Odynophagia (severe oesophagitis) - Haematemesis

  30. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease Complication Oesophageal: Oesophagitis Barrett’s (10%) Strictures Adenocarcinoma 50% of Px with GORD get complications

  31. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease Complication Extra-oesophageal: Laryngitis Pharyngitis Sinusitis Pulmonary Adult onset asthma NB Poor correlation between frequency and severity of symptoms and prevalence of complication

  32. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease GESA recommendation for Mx: Mild symptoms - Antacids /over the counter H2 antagonists - Lifestyle changes: Diet (Fatty, Spicy, Coffee, Acidic) ETOH (moderation OK) Smoking Late/large meals & early recumbency Drugs Tight clothes

  33. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease GESA recommendation for Mx: Moderate to severe symptoms - First line Rx: 2-4/52 of double dose PPI (Superior to endoscopy for Dx) - Symptomatic control equates to endoscopic healing (even LA Grade C&D)

  34. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease GESA recommendation for Mx - Further Ix if: Unclear Dx Symptoms persist/progress on Rx Complicated Symptoms Suggestion of other pathology (Ca, PUD, infective/drug induced oesphagitis)

  35. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease GESA recommendation for Mx - Further Ix: Endoscopy Negative in >50% of Px with GORD Ideal for: - Dx and grading of oesophagitis - Other mucosal lesions - Dx and Rx strictures - Dx of Barrett’s

  36. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease GESA recommendation for Mx - Further Ix: 24/24 ambulatory oesophageal pH monitoring pH <4 for >1 ½ hours

  37. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease GESA recommendation for Mx Trial of withdrawal of therapy Majority will have symptom relapse Repeat course of the previous Rx Followed by on demand H2 antagonist / PPI ± antacids → a small proportion will be symptom free → Majority continuous treatment / Surgery

  38. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease Few topics of interest - Barrett’s oesophagus - Dysplasia - H Pylori -Non-Acidreflux

  39. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease Barrett’s - Transformation of pseudostartified to columnar epithelium If gastric or pancreatic (rarer) → no ↑ risk of AdenoCa - Specialised intestinal metaplasia → ↑ risk of AdenoCa (much less if length <3cm) - Second yearly surveillance endoscopy with Bx (4 quadrant @ 2cm intervals) (GESA)

  40. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease Barrett’s - Once present → no evidence that Acid suppression will reverse progression to dysplasia - Recent study showed in Px with Barrett’s there is ↓ progression after antireflux surgery(3). - Also increased evidence in the role if Bile salts in Barrett’s(4).

  41. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease Non-Acid reflux(5) - Animal studies have shown: Acid alone requires high concentration to damage the oesophageal mucosa - Oesophagitis has been observed in achlorhydric patients - Duodenogastro-oesophageal reflux (DGOR) is the reflux of duodenal content (bile acids and pancreatic secretions) into the stomach (normal – postprandially and nocturnally)

  42. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease Non-Acid reflux(5) - Contains trypsin as well as bile acids and can occurs at neutral and acidic pH too - Conjugated Bile salts @ low pH, Unconjugated bile salts and trypsin @ high pH → can damage mucosa - Clinical studies: There is evidence that mucosal damage increase with increased exposure to the duodenogastro-oesophageal reflux.

  43. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease Non-Acid reflux(5) - Investigations . Scintigraphy (injection ofTc99m → @ 5 min interval →γCamera for 60/60 → can show duodenal reflux . Bilitec 2000 is spectrophometry, measure the bilirubin concentration in the oesophagus. (can have ambulatory monitoring) Problem with very low pH, food & mucosal folds

  44. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease Non-Acid reflux(5) - Intraluminal impedance . It measures the opposition of current flow between 2 electrodes. . Bolus movement in hollow organs. . Detects wall, air, saliva and food all vary. It is pH independent and can determine the type and height of the refluxate

  45. Surgical Treatment of GORD - Surgery attempts to return the gastroesophageal junction below the diaphragm and form a barrier to reflux. - NB acid suppression with PPI might not be enough to prevent symptoms (impaired oesophageal clearance / non-acid reflux). - The cost of 10 year PPI treatment is ten times that of laparoscopic Nissen, including preoperative evaluation and postoperative care(7).

  46. Surgical Treatment of GORD Hill’s posterior gastropexy - Musculomucosal flap valve created by the angle of His against the lesser curve - an important barrier to reflux. - Anchoring the LOS within the abdomen and posteriorly fixing it to the median arcuate ligament and accentuating the angle of His. - Not popular → difficulty identifying the arcuate ligament.

  47. Surgical Treatment of GORD Hill’s posterior gastropexy - Modified Hill’s uses the preaortic fascia and the condensation of the crus as the anchor for the repair. - Good to excellent result, ? less side effect than fundoplication.

  48. Surgical Treatment of GORD Fundoplication - Mobilise the lower oesophagus and wrap the fundus of the stomach around it either totally or partially

  49. Surgical Treatment of GORD TotalFundoplication: - Originally described by Nissen in 1956 360° fundal wrap around the distal oesophagus with division of the short gastric vessels (“floppy”). - Modified (Rosetti & others) → not dividing the short gastrics and using a lower part of the fundus/greater curve for the wrap (no evidence for ↑dysphagia and some evidence ↓ flatulence)(8)

  50. Surgical Treatment of GORD NissenFundoplication: - The fold should be approximately 2 cm – wider (too generous) can cause dysphagia

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