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Industrial Conditions

Industrial Conditions. Working Conditions. The working class made up 80% of society & had little or no power with their employers Skilled domestic workers could not compete with the efficiency of the machines Many unskilled laborers were available and easily replaced

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Industrial Conditions

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  1. Industrial Conditions

  2. Working Conditions • The working class made up 80% of society & had little or no power with their employers • Skilled domestic workers could not compete with the efficiency of the machines • Many unskilled laborers were available and easily replaced • Factory owners were driven by making more profit

  3. Low pay • Long hours • 10-14 hours/day, 6 days/week • No paid vacation or holidays • Unsafe conditions • Not well lit & not sanitary • Machines regularly injured workers • No compensation for injuries • Harsh bosses & managers • Demanded fast paced production • Threatened loss of pay or job

  4. Child Labor • As new technology replaced skilled workers in the factories, factory owners used more cheap & unskilled labor to decrease the cost of production & increase their profits • Child labor was the cheapest labor • Paid 1/10 of what men were paid • Children could squeeze into tight spaces to work on the machines • They were easily manipulated

  5. Living Conditions • The Industrial Revolution made factory owners and investors rich • But for the average worker and their families, life was difficult • Cities were crowded & unsanitary • No developmental plans for the cities • No building codes • No sanitation (no running water or indoor pluming)

  6. Large houses would be turned into flats where one family would occupy each floor • The attic & cellar were also used for families

  7. Toilets would be at the end of the street

  8. Poverty • Many people could not afford the rents, poverty & homelessness was widespread • Children were included • Government set up “poorhouses” • They were workhouses for the poor • Deliberately harsh places to discourage people from staying there too long • They were treated like prison inmates • 78,536 in 1838  197,179 in 1843

  9. Urbanization • Urbanization: city building & the movement of people to cities • Move from rural communities  cities • Workers move closer to their jobs in the factories, or move to find work • Urbanization stimulated the booming new industries by concentrating workers and factories together

  10. European cities grew • Cities become crowded, unsanitary, and polluted

  11. An Industrial City

  12. Regents MC Practice During the Industrial Revolution, locating factories near concentrations of natural resources and transportation routes most directly promoted (1) Annexations and unequal treaties (2) Migration and urbanization (3) Legislative reforms and formation of unions (4) Communal fields and the domestic system

  13. Public Health • Working-class neighborhoods were densely packed & poorly constructed • Houses were built touching each other, so there was little ventilation • People living in close range of one another easily spread diseases • Lacked sewage systems, resulting in drinking water sources being frequently contaminated with disease (Cholera, tuberculosis, typhus, typhoid)

  14. Regents MC Practice This 1852 drawing most likely would have been used to argue for improvements in (1) Workhouse rules (2) Factory conditions (3) Sanitation regulations (4) Suffrage laws

  15. Life Expectancy • Poor nutrition, disease, lack of sanitation, and lack of proper medical knowledge, had a devastating effect of the average life expectancy • In 1841, life expectancy was 45 in rural areas, 37 in London, and 26 in Liverpool • High infant mortality rate – 25-33% of children in England died before their 5th birthday

  16. Growth of Crime • The London “Metropolitan Police Force” was developed in 1829 • In 1888, the police force was suffering from a severe shortage of manpower • There was a serial killer terrorizing London

  17. Jack the Ripper • Slaughtered 5 or more prostitutes working in the East End of London, the working-class section of London • The case still remains unsolved • Not the first serial killer, but was the first to create a worldwide media frenzy • Newspapers highlighted the problems of poor sanitation, overcrowded slum housing & extreme poverty

  18. Emerging Middle Class • Wealthy landowners, merchants, factory owners & entrepreneurs did not live in the same conditions as the poor factory workers • They lived in nice homes in the suburbs • The gap between rich and poor got larger

  19. Social Classes • Although poverty was high among the working classes, the Industrial Revolution created enormous amounts of money for others to make • The people that benefited the most was a new social class – middle class • Middle Class: Social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy farmers

  20. Aristocracy: Wealthy landowning families Middle Class: Professionals, businesspeople, entrepreneurs Working Class: Labored in the mines, factories, and homes of aristocracy & middle class

  21. Regents MC Practice In Europe, which group benefited most from the industrialization of the 19th century? (1) rural farmers (2) middle class (3) factory workers (4) clergy

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