Chapter 19

1. Chapter 19 Growth In the West 1860-1900

2. Miners, Ranchers, and Cowhands

3. Section 1 Objectives • To describe the geography and population of the West • To explain how mining the West led to settlement • To describe the cattle industry • To establish how law and order was established in the West

4. 1. Why did few settlers make their homes on the Great Plains? • Mid 1800’s towns such as St. Joseph and Independence, MO, were jumping off places for settlers going west • Last cities before the frontier • Great Plains thought to be empty which attracted few people to its rolling plains, dry plateaus, and deserts (1)

7. The Great Plains

8. An escarpment on the Great Plains

9. The Sand Hills of Nebraska

10. Cliffs in North Dakota

11. 2. What part did railroads play in the settlement of the West? Trains carried the natural resources of the West-minerals, timber, crops, and cattle-to eastern markets. In turn, trains brought miners, ranchers, and farmers west to develop these resources further.

12. What developments opened Colorado and Nevada to settlement? In 1859 gold and silver strikes drew fortune seekers to Colorado and Nevada.

14. The Lure of Gold 4. What effect did gold and silver strikes have on small towns? They would often become a boomtown with large population growth and a ghost town when the mines dry up.

15. 5. How did the mining process change over time? Early miners used panning and sluicing to wash sand and gravel from a stream to separate out any bits of precious metal, but larger mining companies moved in after the surface mines no longer yelded gold or silver, using water cannons to blast away hillsides. Paid workers in company mines replaced independent prospectors.

16. 6. What made cattle ranching profitable? The extension of the railroad lines from Chicago and St. Louis into Kansas by the 1860’s created new markets for cattle ranchers in the west who drove their herds to cattle towns in Kansas to be sold in the meat-hungry cities of the East.

17. 7. What was the purpose of the long drive? The purpose of the long drive was to drive cattle along the many trails that stretched from Texas to Kansas and take them to rail towns such as Abilene and Dodge City so the cattle could be sold in eastern cities and shipped by rail.

18. End of the Long Drives • Cattle industry boomed for twenty years • Extension of RR into Texas caused cattle drives to become shorter and shorter • Cattle boom comes to an end by 1886 • Large supply of beef caused drop in price from $30 - $7 a head • Barbed wire closed in frontier • Sheep raising flourished • During the winter of 1886-7, many cattle froze on the open range

19. The days of the long drives ended as the railroad extended farther south. Other technologies like barbed wire fenced off land and made it impossible for the drives to take place.

21. 8. What ranching skills did American cowhands learn from the vaqueros? • First cowhands were Spanish Vaqueros who came from Mexico in the 1500’s • American cowhand learned to rope and ride from Vaqueros • Adapted Saddle, spurs, laríat, and chaps from Vaqueros 9. What kinds of people became cowhands? • 1 in 3 cowhands in West was Mexican or African American who came West because of the Black Codes in the South • Many Union and Confederate soldiers

23. 10. What were the main causes of disorder in cow towns? • Growing cow town had no local gov't or law officers • Swindlers cheated people • Hard feelings from Civil War led many soldiers (both sides) to lives of crime • John Wesley Hardin, Billy the Kid, and Jesse and Frank James as well as Belle Starr, the Bandit Queen 11. How did citizens respond to these threats? • Citizens formed vigilante groups • As towns became more settled, sheriffs and marshals were elected

24. 12. What ended the long drives? By 1886, several developments had brought the cattle boom to an end. The price of beef dropped sharply as the supply increases in the early 1880’s from $30 to $7 a head. Settlers began to use barbed wire to fence in their farms to raise sheep which stopped free access to drive cattle to markets. Finally a harsh winter in 1886-7 froze thousands of cattle to death, putting ranchers out of business.

25. Summarizing A boomtown is a town that has a sudden burst of economic or population growth. They often grew around areas where gold or silver was found and died when the mineral ran out. Vaquero is the Spanish name for cowboy. American cowboys learned to rope and ride from vaqueros. Vigilantes were people who took the law into their own hands due to lack of protection on the frontier. The punished criminals without a trial by hanging them or shooting them.

26. Native Americans Fight to Survive

27. Section 2 Objectives • To describe Native American life on the plains • To explain how plains tribes responded to white attempts to take away their lands • To identify the outcome of Native American resistance efforts • To evaluate the impact of the Dawes Act on the Plains tribes

29. Native American Life on the Plains • Before the arrival of Europeans, Plains tribes lived in villages along rivers and streams • Women tended beans, corn, and squash • Men hunted deer, elk, and buffalo 1. How did horses change the way of life of the Plains people? • Spanish brought horses in the 1500’s • Natives became expert riders which allowed them to travel far from their villages seeking buffalo 2. Why was buffalo important to Plains tribes?

30. Plains Indians relied heavily on the buffalo. Nothing on the animal was wasted. Its meat became chief to their diet, while its skins served as portable shelters called tepees. Hides became clothing, shoes, and blankets. Dried manure was used for cooking fuel and bones and horns were used as well for tools and bowls. (2) Buffalo Jump-Episode 1 15:15

31. A Clash of Cultures • U.S. Government first moved Native Americans west of the Mississippi in 1830’s • Promised that land was theirs “as long as the grass grows or water runs” 3. Why did the government break its promises not to open Indian Territory to white settlement? • Gov't policy was determined by belief that white settlers were not interested in the Plains because the land was considered too dry for farming • Wagon trains crossed plains in the 1850's and saw the possibilities of farming and ranching on its grasslands • Settlers pressured Government for more land and protection • Promises broken repeatedly

32. FAMILY LIFE ON THE PLAINS • Tribes were very spiritual and land was communal • Indians believed in the Sun God • Danced the Sun Dance OSAGE TRIBE Medicine Man Ep. 1 Scene 5

33. The Trail of Tears was a forced movement of Cherokee tribe to Indian territory of Oklahoma during the winter of 1838-39. One-fourth died along the march.

35. SETTLERS PUSH WESTWARD • The white settlers who pushed westward had a different idea about land ownership • Concluding that the plains were “unsettled, “ thousands advanced to claim land • Gold being discovered in Colorado only intensified the rush for land A COVERED WAGON HEADS WEST

36. 1851-The First Treaty of Fort Laramie • Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, and other Plains tribes met near Fort Laramie in Wyoming • Government officials tried to buy back some Native American land • Set boundaries for tribal lands • Indians felt they had no other choice than to sign the treaty

37. 1864 -The Sand Creek Massacre • Cheyenne and Sioux resisted Fort Laramie Treaty • Rather would have conflict with settlers and government than live on reservations • Cheyenne warriors attacked miners and soldiers in southeastern Colorado • 1200 Colorado militia opened fire on a peaceful Cheyenne village, killing 150 Cheyenne men, women, and children • Soldiers mutilated the bodies of the Indians

38. In one of the most sordid affairs between whites and American Indians, more than 200 Cheyennes, mainly women and children, lay dead following Col. John M. Chivington’s destruction of Black Kettle’s Southern Cheyenne village nestled along Sand Creek in southeastern Colorado, on November 29, 1864. The Chivington massacre included the mutilation of Indians, including severed genitals. Black Kettle’s village had camped near Fort Lyon with the understanding that they were friendly, an American flag flew from the village. Black Kettle is second from the left in the front.

39. “What you are proposing is murder,” Lt. Joseph Cramer told his commanding officer, Colonel John Chivington of the Third Colorado Cavalry, shortly before daybreak on the morning of the planned assault. Cramer and several other members of Chivington’s command staff had severe misgivings about the prospect of a sneak attack against a band of defenseless Cheyenne Indians who had been promised protection. Chief Black Kettle had distinguished himself through repeated efforts to secure the peace – on one occasion riding weaponless between opposing skirmish lines to prevent a battle from breaking out. In witness of his non-belligerency he had been provided with a United States flag by military officers who promised to protect the Cheyenne and Arapahos who lived in his encampment.  Episode 4 22:16 from http://beforeitsnews.com/strange/2012/10/what-to-remember-on-memorial-day-2444284.html

40. Some of the Army officers who came to Fort Phil Kearny were "fire-eaters," who hoped to prove their courage and win recognition by battling the Indians. • Foremost among these was Captain William Fetterman, who boasted that if he were given 80 soldiers he could "ride through the entire Sioux nation." • One day, Fetterman was sent out with 80 mounted troopers to protect a column of soldiers that were bringing wood to the fort. • A party of Indians led by Crazy Horse appeared on a ridge near the fort and, contrary to orders, Fetterman led his troops in pursuit of the Indians, over the ridge and out of site of the fort. • On the other side of the ridge, Fetterman found himself in the midst of a thousand hostile Indian warriors. • Fetterman had been lured into a trap, and he and his entire command were quickly and totally wiped out. Fetterman Massacre 1866 Episode 4 47:48

41. 4. How did the Sand Creek and the Fetterman massacres affect government policy toward Native Americans? These incidents forced the government to try to find a way to end the fighting. In 1868, U.S. officials signed the Second Treaty of Fort Laramie with the Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, and the Arapaho, giving them a large reservation in the Black Hills of South Dakota.

42. Battle of the Washita River • The Battle of Washita River (or Battle of the Washita), occurred on November 27, 1868, when Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer’s 7th U.S. Cavalry attacked Black Kettle’s Cheyenne camp on the Washita River near present day Cheyenne, Oklahoma • Custer had been suspended from command and rank for 1 year for desertion and mistreatment of soldiers in a military court • Custer attacked the sleeping village and within 15 minutes scores of Cheyenne were killed (103) • Black Kettle had met with the U.S. military the day before the attack in a show of peace • Black Kettle was killed in the attack and 53 women and children were captured

43. 1868 - The Second Treaty of Fort Laramie • Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho signed treaty • Gave these tribes a large reservation in the Black Hills of South Dakota • In 1874, white prospectors discovered gold in the Black Hills • 1000’s of miners rushed onto Sioux land • No attention was paid to the treaty • Tribal leaders rejected offer to buy back land • United under Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse

44. Indians were promised that the Black Hills would be theirs as long as "the grass grows and the water flows" according to the Second Treaty of Fort Laramie. In this case that was all of 8 years.

45. Tatanka-Iyotanka (1831-1890), also known as Sitting Bull was the chief of the Lakota Sioux tribe who fought against American expansion into the Great Plains region of the Dakotas. Sitting Bull was killed by a Lakota policemen who put a bullet through his head.

46. 5. How did the Battle of Little Big Horn affect government Indian policy? • Seventh Calvary under the command of Lt. Col. George A. Custer set out to return the Sioux to the reservations • June 25, 1876, Custer’s forces met several thousand Sioux and Cheyenne near the Little Bighorn River in Montana • In less than 2 hours, Custer and his men, 211 in all- were wiped out • The government responded by stepping up military action against Native Americans, ending the resistance.

47. Resistance in the Northwest and Southwest • Nez Perce were a peaceful tribe in the Northwest (eastern Oregon and Idaho) • Land guaranteed by 1855 treaty • Government forced them to sell land as settlement increased in 1860’s • Chief Joseph led group that refused to sell land and move to a narrow strip of land in Idaho

48. In 1877, a group of Nez Perce Indians, led by Chief Joseph, refused to move to new lands in Idaho and fled, seeking refuge in Canada. For 4 months the Nez Perce traveled across 1,000 miles of rugged terrain with army troops in pursuit. The U.S. army caught up with them just 40 miles from the Canadian border. Chief Joseph said, “I will fight no more, forever.”

49. In the Southwest, both the Navajos and the Apaches fought against being removed to reservations • U.S. troops ended Navajo resistance in Arizona in 1863 by burning Navajo homes and crops • 8,000 Navajos were forced on a brutal 300 mile journey to a reservation in eastern New Mexico • Called “the Long Walk” • Hundreds died on the way • Allowed to return to Arizona after 4 years

50. Most of the Navajos were forced to walk more than 300 miles to captivity; many did not survive the journey.