Physical Growth & Development

1. Physical Growth & Development 1 – 3 Year olds

2. Learning Targets • I can describe average changes in Height, weight, posture and proportion in ages 1-3 • I can distinguish between small and large motor skills and give examples of each • I can describe how to care for children ages 1-3, including issues of nutrition, hygiene, sleep & toilet training

3. An ancient Chinese Proverb • “Give a man a fish and he will not go hungry for a day. Teach a man to fish and he will not go hungry for life.” • How does this idea relate to caring for a children’s self-care?? • What factors might interfere with a caregiver’s desire to teach self-care? • How can caregivers prevent those factors from getting in the way??

4. Questions……. • What is a toddler?? • What age or ages does the term refer to?? • Where does the name come from??

5. Infants to Toddlers • Physcialgrowthslowsconsiderablyafterthefirstyear • Physicalskillsimprove!! • Termtoddlersreferstochildrenwhomakeuncertainmovement • Around 1, unsteadysteps (1-2 years) • Preschoolersages 3 – 5. • Theywalksteadily, hop, jump, & run • Needlots of space • Time eachdayfor active play (exercisemuscles & stored up energy) • Attentionspanlonger – butactivitieschangedoften

6. Read Active Play for Growth & Development • Page 349 • Answer questions 1 & 2 with your table • What are some other games that you can play with children aged 1-3??? • Why mustn’t toddlers’ activities be too diffiucult for their phyical /mental abilities?

7. Height & Weight • Both Slower in this period than in infancy • Gain about ½ lb per month • Height also slows by about half • Chart on page 350 shows the average height & weight for the ages • Heredity & environmental influences more noticeable • After 1st b-day, children show greater variation in size • Tall 2 yr old = tall adult

8. Proportion & Posture • B/c of changes in proportion, posture improves!!! • Until age 2, a child’s head, chest & abdomen all mesure about the same • All three grow at the same rate • Between ages 2-3 – chest becomes larger than the head & abdomen • Arms, legs & trunk grow rapidly • Help improve child’s balance & motor skills

9. Proportion & Posture • 2 years • stands straighter, but posture in not completely erect • Abdomen still protrudes (sticks out), head – somewhat forward • Elbows & knees – slightly bent • 3 years • Posture more upright • Spine has strengthened – back straighter • Lost some (not all) baby fat)

10. In groups of 3 • You are to plan a lesson for children aged 3 called “Taking Care of Your Teeth” • Class should teach children the order of primary teeth appear, factors that keep teeth healthy, & factors that contribute to tooth decay. • You can prepare diagrams & visual aid, • Demonstrations • Create a rhyming jingle to help rememberance • Info on the web and page 351

11. Teeth

12. Motor Skills • Remember 3 patters • Head to foot • Near to far • Simple to complex • Large motor skills • Involve use and control of the large muscles of the back, legs, shoulders & arms • Small motor skills • Depend on the use & control of the muscles of the wrists, fingers, & ankles

13. Motor Skills • Children do not acquire them as predictable during infancy • Variations caused by differences in physical size, health & diet, interests, temperament, opportunities for physical play & many other factors • Developmentally appropriate – tasks are suitable for the child given his/her age & interests

14. Large Motor Skills • Physical exercise & repeated practice • Improvement – slow buy steady • Walking – 1st b-day, pride

15. Small Motor Skills • Between 1st & 2nd b-day, learn to feed themselves & drink from a cup fairly well • Poor hand-eye coordination causes spills at the beginning • 1 yr olds – playing w/blocks, pyramid of different size rings, musical rolling toys= helps small motor skills • 2 yr olds – improves dexterity – skillful use of the hands & fingers • Turn pages of a book one at a time, peel banana, enjoy using crayons, build towers • 3yr olds – show more skill, delight in taking things apart & putting them back together

16. Choosing Foods For Children • Need a variety of nutritious food daily • Plan meals using MyPlate (MyPyramid) • Pediatricians recommend that milk or milk products not be given to a child until bday 1 • Ages 1-2= whole milk • After 2, reduced-fat (lowmilk) • Be CAUTIOUS in serving convenience food to children • High in salt & preservatives • Chose fresh foods – use nutitrion labels & ingredients list = nutritional choices

17. Healthy Eating 1-3 • To promote interest in nutritious foods – make them appealing • Color – variety of color: interest • Texture – different senations: crunchy, chewy & juicy • Shape – adds appeal: help the child identify shapes, cookie cutters (nice) • Temperature – hot & cold foods – safety is concern – be careful – always check • Ease of eating – ground beef easier to chew than a pork chop, loves spaghetti – cut into short pieces

18. Mealtime Tips • Meals = important events in the child’s day • Practice skills, learn independence, explore textures, colors & talk to others

19. Mealtime Guidelines • Include children in meal preparation whenever possible • Follow a regular schedule for meals/snacks • Keep meals pleasant (model manners) • Use a sturdy, unbreakable dish or plate w/sides when serve the child’s food • Choose a cup that the child can hold easily & that doesn’t readily tip • Provide child-sized eating utensils • Let a toddler sit in a high chair for meals • Set good examples in food choices

20. Mealtime Guidelines • Avoid using food as a punishment or a bride. If you say, “You can’t have a cookie until you finish your vegetables,” you give the impression that vegetables are bad and cookies are good.

21. Bathing • Help young children develop both good attitudes about hygiene (personal cleanliness) and good hygiene skills • Toilet training – wash hands after each time they use the bathroom • Daily baths – nice habit, good hygiene skills & at this age most love water! • 1 yr olds – they want to wash themselves • 2yr olds – most can wash, rinse & dry pretty well • 3 yr olds – can bathe with little supervision

22. Bathing • Bathtubs are still dangerous for children • A child can drown in as little as 1” of water • NEVER leave a child alone in the bath • Cover the tub to prevent slipping • No set age at which children can safely shower • Depends on child’s ability to control water temp, stand in shower safely & get him/herself clean

23. Caring for the Teeth • Teach them to brush right after eating – the longer food remains in the mouth the more it can damage teeth • Encouragement – small, soft toothbrush & a bit of toothpaste • http://www.spinbrush.com/Kids_ParentTips.html • Attempts – not very successful, but the opportunity = IMPORTANT • Even at age 3, kids will still need adult help

24. Caring for the Teeth • Many dentists recommend: • Show kids how to floss teeth • Start with top teeth one night and the bottom teeth the next night • 18 months – good age for children to have first dental checkup

25. Dressing • Caregivers should encourage self-dressing when a child shows interest • Involves a number of large & small motor skills that must be learned one step at a time • Patience = IMPORTANT • Child learns these skills through practice • Usually starts around 13-14 months

26. Dressing • 13 months - Holds an arm out for a sleeve. • Next, may learn to actually push his/her own arm through sleeve • By 2, pull up pants, but shirts still continue to be difficult • Garments – inside out, backwards • By 3 – pretty much can dress independently, except help w/fasteners & shoelaces • Provides – self-esteem, independence, responsibility • Provide clothes that are easy to put on & take out

27. Choosing Clothing • Comfort – allow freedom of movement • Size – IMPORTANT: too small – restrict movements • Sizes do not always fit the same, if possible let child try on • Durability – withstand hard wear & repeated washing • Quality of fabric & construction of clothing – look for close, even stitching w/strong thread • Fasteners should be firmly attached • Cotton – good choice – shirts & underwear • Synthetic fibers – made from chemical rather than natural sources • Economy – choose clothes that allow for growth • Let kids help

28. Sleeping • Near 2nd b-day – sleeping habits change • Less sleep, may not go to sleep as easily or willingly • 2 yr no longer takes a morning nap • 3yr old may give up their afternoon nap as well • May change b/c they may seem more dependent on adults than in previous year • Often use self comforting techniques: thumb sucking, rocking the crib, cuddling a favorite blanket or toy

29. Sleeping • 3 yr old – not unusual to wake in the middle of the night & even get out of bed • Emotional experiences of the day, excitement at bedtime or nighttime fears may cause insure feeling at night • 2 & 3 yr olds – fear of the dark • Many causes • Fears – very real & usually very troubling • Rarely a quick solution • Discussion, night light • Patience & understanding • Ridicule or shaming only makes a problem worse

30. Toilet Training • Most begin sometime at 18 months • No set age • Each child should start when he/she is physically mature & emotionally ready

31. Readiness (Toilet Training) • Sphincter muscles – the muscles that control elimination • Child must recognize the body sustentations that lead elimination • Only then is he/she ready • Emotionally ready – settled in a family daily routine • During move or any similar event that requires adjustment – not a good time

32. Giving Help • Attitudes – very important • Calm encouragement better (more effective) than rules & punishment • Build self-esteem • Ready – want to succeed • Child resists – wait for readiness • Even after trained – some accidents should be expected

33. Giving Help • Child – may prefer to use special seat or a separate potty chair • More independence • Frightened by the flushing toilet - better to wait till child leaves room – but still teach that they need to flush toilet • Bowel training before bladder training • When you see the awareness on a child’s face – suggest sitting on the toilet seat or potty chair • Be available & encouraging – not forceful & demanding

34. Giving Help • Bladder follows several months later • Some may learn at the same time • Many are encouraged when given training pants – heavy absorbent underpants, in place of diapers • Makes it possible to use the potty independently • Sign of maturity

35. Assignment • Read Keeping Children Safe & Healthy page 372-373 • Questions 1-2 • Worksheets • Complete Studyguide and/or complete questions #1-9 on page 374 • Test – tomorrow!!!