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Chapter 01

Chapter 01. History and Trends of Health Care. 1:1 History of Health Care. Some treatment methods used today are from ancient times Herbs utilized in the past for both food and medicine are found in medications today. Ancient Times.

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Chapter 01

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  1. Chapter 01 History and Trends of Health Care

  2. 1:1 History of Health Care • Some treatment methods used today are from ancient times • Herbs utilized in the past for both food and medicine are found in medications today

  3. Ancient Times • Illness &disease were believed to be caused by evil spirits & demons or punishment from gods, trepanation • Limited knowledge, religion did not allow human dissections only animals • ancient Egyptians - Earliest to keep accurate health records, Priests were the doctors & could read the medical knowledge from the god Thoth

  4. Egyptians • Eye of Horus • 5000 years ago • Magic eye • amulet to guard against disease, suffering, and evil • History: Horus lost vision in attack by Seth; mother (Isis) called on Thoth for help; eye restored • Evolved into modern day Rx sign

  5. Jewish Medicine • Avoided medical practice • Concentrated on health rules concerning food, cleanliness, and quarantine • Moses: pre-Hippocratic medical practice • banned quackery (God was the only physician) • enforced Day of Rest (According to the Bible, God rested on the seventh day of creation).

  6. Greek Medicine • First to study causes of diseases • Research helped eliminate superstitions • Sanitary practices were associated with the spread of disease

  7. Greek Medicine • Hippocrates • no dissection, only observations • Developed an organized method to observe the human body • took careful notes of signs/symptoms of many diseases • disease was not caused by supernatural forces • Father of Medicine • wrote standards of ethics which is the basis for today’s medical ethics

  8. Greek Medicine • Aesculapius • staff and serpent symbol of medicine • temples built in his honor because the first true clinics and hospitals

  9. Ancient Times(continued) • Chinese believed in the need to cure the spirit and nourish the body

  10. Ancient Times (continued) • Romans implemented use of sewers for waste and aqueducts (waterways) for clean water • In ancient times causes of disease had not been • discovered and many illnesses were fatal • Average life span of 20 to 35 years

  11. The Dark Ages and Middle Ages • Interest in the medical practices of Greeks and Romans • In the 1300s an epidemic of bubonic plague (Black death) killed nearly 75% of the population of Europe and Asia • Average life span of 20 to 35 years

  12. The Renaissance • Rebirth of the science of medicine • Human dissection to view body organs • Printing press allowed • publication of medical books • Causes of disease were still a mystery • Average life span of 30 to 40 years

  13. The 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries • Knowledge of human • body greatly increased • Invention of microscope • Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and & sold medications • Smallpox vaccine discovered • Average life span of 40 to 50 years

  14. The 19th Century • Industrial Revolution • Development of machines • Major progress in medical science • Invention of stethoscope, nurse training programs • Infection control • Average life span of 40 to 65 years

  15. The 20th Century • The most rapid growth in health care • X-rays, medicines, and vaccines to prevent disease developed • The structure of DNA and research in gene therapy (ongoing today) • Health care plans

  16. The 20th Century (continued) • First open-heart surgery in 1950s • Computer technology in every aspect of health care • Unlimited possibilities for medical science in the future • Average life span of 60 to 80 years

  17. The 21st Century • No Scar surgery using own body openings in 2008 • WHO declared a pandemic of the H1N1 virus (Swine Flu) in 2009 • Coiling to treat brain aneurysm without brain surgery in 2011 • Patient Protection & Affordability Act was signed into law in March 2010, fully enforced in 2014

  18. The 21st Century • Human Genome Project • Embryonic stem cell and cloned cell research • Threat of bioterrorism with the use of biologic agents as weapons • Viruses that can cause pandemics

  19. Resources • Human Genome Project - designed to identify all the genes in human DNA. This website also contains articles about genetic diseases, testing, and counseling. http://www.genomics.energy.gov/ • National Library of Medicine - contains hundreds of & documents related to the history of medicine. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/

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