This project is funded by the European Union

1. Public Participation in Environmental Impact AssessmentThe Role of Civil Society Organisations in the European Union环境影响评价中的公众参与欧盟民间社会组织的作用 Jinan 17-18 March, 2014 济南，2014年3月17日至18日 Kunming, 20-21 March, 2014 昆明，2014年3月20日至21日 Dušica Radojčić, Green Istria, Croatia Dušica Radojčić，绿色伊斯特里亚，克罗地亚 This project is funded by the European Union 1

2. The Role of Civil Society Organisations in the European Union欧盟民间社会组织的作用 2 Definitions: Non-Governmental Organization / Civil Society Organization 定义：非政府组织/民间社会组织 NGO - “not-for-profit, voluntary citizen’s group, which is organized on a local, national, or international level to address issues in support of the public good. Task oriented and made up of people with common interests, NGOs perform a variety of services and humanitarian functions, bring citizens concerns to governments, monitor policy and program implementation, and encourage participation of Civil Society stakeholders at the community level.” 非政府组织—— “在地方、国家或国际层面成立的、依靠公益支持来解决各类问题的非营利性、公民自愿团体。非政府组织为任务导向性组织，由具有共同利益的人员组成，履行各种服务和人道主义职能，向政府反映公民关注的问题，监测政策和计划的实施，鼓励社区层面的民间社会利益相关方参与。” Preferred name: civil society organizations 优选名称：民间社会组织 Responsibiity odf states: to ensure freedom of association, right to funding, freedom of expression, access to information, participation and justice. 各国的责任：保障结社自由、资金筹集权、言论自由、信息渠道、参与和司法公正。

3. The Role of Civil Society Organisations in the European Union欧盟民间社会组织的作用 3 Civil Dialogue / Participatory Democracy民间对话/参与性民主 The Treaty on European Union: participatory democracy - fundamental democratic principle of the EU 欧洲联盟条约：参与性民主 —— 欧盟的基础性民主原则 Civil dialogue– critical ingredent of participatory democracy, concrete tool to enable and improve the relationship between public decision makers and organized civil society 民间对话—— 参与性民主的关键要素，促进和改善公共决策者与有组织民间社会之间的关系的具体手段 Main objective: to improve decision-making 主要目标：提高决策水平 Dialogue and partnership: not always effective 对话与合作伙伴关系：并非始终有效 Public actions aimed to attract attention or protests – legitimate methods of action 公众采取行动，以引起注意或提出抗议 —— 合法的行动方法

4. The Role of Civil Society Organisations in the European Union欧盟民间社会组织的作用 4 In order to drive the attention of the public to the health problems and deaths caused by the carbon fueled power plants, a coalition of national environmental CSOs organized a very successful action by placing 680 human silhouettes (a number of premature deaths calculated by experts) in front of a power plant. Croatia, June , 2013 为了让公众关注碳燃料发电厂所带来的健康问题和人员死亡，国家环境民间社会组织联盟组织了一次非常成功的行动，在电厂前安放了680个人像剪影（该数字是专家计算得出的过早死亡人数）。克罗地亚，2013年6月

5. The Role of Civil Society Organisations in the European Union欧盟民间社会组织的作用 5 A local community meeting deciding on a local urbanistic plan 当地社区集会，决定本地城市规划

6. Green Istria 绿色伊斯特利亚 Social Center Rojc Alliance – a network of 17 local CSOs gathered to manage a Social Centre 社会中心Rojc联盟——一个由17个地方性民间社会组织组成、管理一个社会中心的网络 The Role of Civil Society Organisations in the European Union欧盟民间社会组织的作用 Green Forum – Croatian national network, 43 environmental member CSOs 绿色论坛—— 克罗地亚全国性网络，43个环境成员民间社会组织 6 National CSO Platform for the International Solidarity and Support – national network of Croatian CSOs engaged in the international support of CSOs, founded in January 2014 全国民间社会组织国际团结与支持平台——克罗地亚从事民间社会组织国际性支持工作的民间社会组织的全国性网络，于2014年1月成立 The European Environmental Bureau - a federation composed of more than 140 non-governmental organizations concerned with the protection of the environment. 欧洲环境署—— 一个由140多个关注环保的非政府组织组成的联合会。 Importance of co-operation 合作的重要性 What we can’t do alone, we can do together. 个体难为之事，可集体而为之。

7. The Role of Civil Society Organisations in the European Union欧盟民间社会组织的作用 7 Green Istria organized a 3-day training for environmental CSOs on rights and judicial practice arising from environmental legislation, Croatia, December, 2013 绿色伊斯特利亚为环境民间社会组织提供了一次为期3天的培训，培训内容为因环境立法产生的权利和司法实践，克罗地亚，2013年12月。

8. The Role of Civil Society Organisations in the European Union欧盟民间社会组织的作用 8 Local Citizens Initiative, engaged against the planned massive touristic development, organized a public debate on the related spatial plan. The Mayor, and other City and County Government officials participated in the debate. 本地公民计划是针对计划实施的大规模旅游开发而启动的一个项目。该项目组织了一次关于相关空间规划的公众辩论活动。市长和其他城市和县政府的官员参加了此次辩论。

9. The Role of Civil Society Organisations in the European Union欧盟民间社会组织的作用 9 The goal of the EU Policy on Civil Society Organizations: creating an enabling environment 欧盟民间社会组织政策的目标：创建一个有利的环境 Proactive strategy of turning CSOs into strong actors in the society 积极采取战略，将民间社会组织转变为社会中发挥强大作用的组织。 Vast number of policy documents ensuring dialogue and support to CSOs – their full and meaningful implementation cannot be expected without defining mechanisms and procedures making sure that regulations are applied in practice. 出台大量政策文件，保证与民间社会组织对话并为其提供支持——如果没有制定各种机制和程序，保证各项法规能够得到实践应用，则不能期望这些政策能够得到全面和有意义的实施。

10. The Role of Civil Society Organisations in the European Union欧盟民间社会组织的作用 10 Watchdog role 监督者的作用 The letter of the legislation not always followed in practice 立法内容不能在实践中得到一贯遵守 It is on CSOs to turn pieces of paper into practice 需要靠民间社会组织将纷乱的文件付诸实践。

11. The Role of Civil Society Organisations in the European Union欧盟民间社会组织的作用 The importance of CSOs independence 民间社会组织独立的重要性 Independence - a major attribute of CSOs, and a precondition of real achievements 独立 —— 是民间社会组织的一个重要属性，是真正实现既定目标的前提条件。 CSOs need to be empowered by funding 民间社会组织需要得到资金支持。 Tendency to control the work of CSOs : GoNGOs and biased funding 倾向于控制民间社会组织的工作：演变为非政府组织及有选择性地提供资金 11

12. The Role of Civil Society Organisations in the European Union欧盟民间社会组织的作用 12 Access to Justice  - making Government and  industry  accountable 司法公正——让政府和行业承担责任 Governments - need to provide legislative measures necessary to ensure citizen enforcement of environmental law and obligations. 政府——需要提供必要的立法措施，保证公民履行环境法律与义务。 CSOs - need to enhance knowledge, skills, and abilities in order to use effectively the legal instruments available for environmental protection 民间社会组织——需要提高知识、技能和能力水平，有效地使用现有法律手段保护环境。 CSOs - important role to motivate citizens and create political pressure aimed to environmental protection 民间社会组织——可发挥重要作用，激励公民并制造政治压力进行环境保护 EU - extensive body of evidence that proves the efficacy of using law to make government and industry accountable 欧盟——大量证据证明，利用法律让政府和行业承担责任能够产生效益。

13. The Role of Civil Society Organisations in the European Union欧盟民间社会组织的作用 13 Coalition of environmental CSOs started a lawsuit against the Ministry for Environmental Protection in a case of the Environmental Impact Assessment procedure for a carbon fueled power plant; Croatia, October, 2012 and December 2013 环境民间社会组织联盟针对碳燃料发电厂环评程序案将环境保护部告上法庭；克罗地亚，2012年10月和2013年12月

14. The Role of Civil Society Organisations in the European Union欧盟民间社会组织的作用 14 Obstacles to access to justice 实现司法公正的障碍 Elements for defining whether there is practical access to courts for civil society associations: 确定民间社会联合会实际是否具备诉诸法律的渠道所需要考虑的要素： accessible remedies (access to not expensive administrative or judicial procedures) 方便的救济（可以获得不昂贵的行政或司法诉讼程序） effective remedies (combination of timeliness, expertise and efficient enforcement) 有效的救济（综合及时性、专业性和高效执法为一体） injunctive relief (postponed decision in case of the possibility of irreparable damage) 禁令救济（可能产生不可修复的损害时，延迟决策） legal aid (provided by the state to those in need) 法律援助（由国家向需要的人员提供） free legal advice (provided by the business sector, academia or CSOs) 免费法律咨询（由行业部门、学术界或民间社会组织提供）

15. The Role of Civil Society Organisations in the European Union欧盟民间社会组织的作用 15 Threatening CSOs 正在威胁民间社会组织 The article 3 of the Aarhus Convention establishes: “Each Party shall ensure that persons exercising their rights in conformity with the provisions of this Convention shall not be penalized, persecuted or harassed in any way for their involvement”. 《奥尔胡思公约》第3条规定：“各方须保证按照本《公约》规定行使其权利的人员不得因其参与而受到任何方式的处罚、迫害或骚扰”。 Practices aimed to threaten CSOs – SLAPP 以威胁民间社会组织为目的的实践——SLAPP

16. The Role of Civil Society Organisations in the European Union欧盟民间社会组织的作用 16 Abuse of judiciary - SLAPP examples in Croatia 司法滥用——克罗地亚的SLAPP 案例 Lawsuits meant to silence environmental associations in Croatia: 克罗地亚以打压环境组织的声音而提起的诉讼案件： Ministry for Environmental Protection against the environmental association Green Action 环境保护部诉绿色行动环境联合会 9 charges against two most prominent environental activists engaged in a campaign against the construction of a shopping mall 针对参与某购物城建设项目抗议活动的两名最有名的环境活动人士提出的9项诉讼。

17. The Role of Civil Society Organisations in the European Union欧盟民间社会组织的作用 17 The role of CSOs in the Environmental Impact Assessment procedures 民间社会组织在环境影响评价程序中的作用 The more the mentioned fundamental preconditions for CSOs activities are met, the more their participation in EIA will be meaningful, and more sustainable development will be achieved. 民间社会组织各项互动所提出的基础前提条件满足的越多，其在环评过程中的参与意义越大，未来实现的可持续发展水平越高。 Otherwise, the public participation in EIA will remain un-effective and represent the main cause of environmental conflicts between the public and developers and public and authorities competent for the EIA procedures. 否则，环评中的公众参与便滞留在无效状态，成为公众与开发商以及公众与环评主管机构之间发生环境冲突的主要原因。

18. 18 Thank you for your attention. Comments and questions are welcome! 谢谢关注。 欢迎评论和提问！