Yugoslavia : Origins of a Catastrophe

1. Yugoslavia:Origins of a Catastrophe CGW 4U0 Mr. Miller Yugoslavia

2. Thesis • The Yugoslav catastrophe was not mainly the result of ancient ethnic or religious hostilities, nor the collapse of communism at the end of the Cold War, nor even the failure of Western countries. • Yugoslavia’s death and the violence that followed resulted from the conscious actions of the nationalist leaders who co-opted, intimidated, circumvented or eliminated all opposition to their demagogic designs. Yugoslavia was destroyed from the top down.1 Yugoslavia

3. Holy Roman Empire Yugoslavia

4. Holy Roman Empire – Byzantine Empire Split Treaty of Verdun in 843 Yugoslavia

5. Growth of the Ottoman Empire Yugoslavia

6. Expansion of the Ottoman Empire 1359-1603 Yugoslavia

7. Yugoslavia

8. Historical Background of South SlavsCenturies of Domination • Centuries of foreign domination by empires, kings and landlord gentry of feudalism and then capitalism had a tremendous effect on these people, since all Empires wanted to hold this strategic and valuable piece of real estate in their hands…2 Yugoslavia

9. 5th-15th centuries (400s-1400s): Existence of Byzantine Empire, which ruled over much of the Balkans, Mediterranean, and Near East • 6th-7th centuries (500s-600s): Arrival of the Slavic peoples in the Balkans • 1350s: Peak of Medieval Serbian Empire • 1389: Ottoman Turks win the Battle of Kosovo, • later interpreted as the end of the medieval Serbian kingdom • 1453: Ottoman conquest of Constantinople • (renamed Istanbul); end of the Byzantine Empire and its capacity to protect the Slavs

10. Yugoslavia

11. Historical Background of South SlavsCenturies of Domination 14th Century: Ottoman Turks Rule in the East Turks move in, bringing Muslim faith Yugoslavia

12. Yugoslavia Estats de l'Empire des Turqs en Europe, 1:3,704,000, 80x53 cm. Paris, 1696-’3’

13. Historical Background of South SlavsCenturies of Domination 16th Century: Austrians Rule in West Austrian Emperors bring Roman Catholicism Yugoslavia

14. 16th Century: Austrians Rule in West Yugoslavia

15. Historical Background of South SlavsCenturies of Domination 19th Century: Rise of Nationalism 1878 Congress of Berlin: Serbs were able to regain their independence King Peter I Karadjordjevic (1844-1921) Yugoslavia

16. Historical Background of South SlavsCenturies of Domination • 1878 Congress of Berlin, after Russia's defeat of the Turks, • Serbs were able to gain their independence • Other deals made at the conference angered the Serbs. • Kosovo and Macedonia, regions the Serbs considered theirs, remained with the Turks. • Bosnia and Herzegovina went to the Austro-Hungarians. Yugoslavia

17. Historical Background of South SlavsDecades of Discord Archduke Franz Ferdinand of the Austral-Hungarian Empire The Archduke’s blood-soaked uniform after his assassination at Sarajevo in 1914 Yugoslavia

18. Historical Background of South SlavsDecades of Discord 1919-1941: The Rise of Nationalism An Unruly YugoslaviaEmerges King Alexander of Yugoslavia Assassinated at Marseilles 1934 Yugoslavia

19. Historical Background of South SlavsDecades of Discord 1941-45: Second World War Yugoslavia

20. Historical Background of South SlavsDecades of Discord Croatia, set up as Nazi puppet state Yugoslavia

21. Yugoslavia

22. The Modern Players-1948-1980They described their plans, sometimes with honesty, sometimes deceitfully, but always passionately and with a cynical disregard for playing by any set of rules. Their record provides evidence for a coroner’s report on the death of Yugoslavia4 • The Yugoslav experiment in liberal communism from 1945 to 1991 was based on the twin assumptions that; • Divers peoples who had fought in the past could learn to live together and that, • Communism based on local factors rather than the Soviet model could help them do so. Yugoslavia

23. Marshal JosipBrozTito • Rose from the ashes of the Nazi occupation of his homeland. • Lead the “Partisans” against Hitler. • Defeated the Nazis and the Ustashe. • Became a hero to: • Orthodox Serbs, • Moderate Roman Catholic Croats and, • Muslims. • For more than 40 years, Tito squelches ethnic disturbances and kept the Communist Republic of Yugoslavia* intact. * Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and Montenegro. Yugoslavia

24. The Modern Players-1980Slobodan Milosevic Yugoslav PresidentSlobodan Milosevic led his country on a course of conflict and violent disintegration. He rose to power by using Serb national sentiment over Kosovo. Yugoslavia

25. The Croatian War-1991 • The Croatian war did not bring the short, sharp victory that many Serbs had been led to expect. Yugoslavia

26. The Bosnian War-1992 • The war in Bosnia signalled the final dissolution of what remained of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia

27. The Dayton Peace Accord-1995 • In the summer of 1995, Croatia waged a lightning military campaign in which it took back most of the territory earlier captured by the Serbs.

28. The Dayton Peace Accord-1995Questions and Controversy • How a war-weary Croatian population able to wage a lightening campaign against an experienced and motivated veteran Serbian Army? • Why was the Dayton Peace Accord signed so quickly after this offensive? • Was the international community neutral in their intervention? Yugoslavia

29. The Kosovo Conflict • The standoff with the Western world over Kosovo was Slobodan Milosevic’s greatest challenge to date. Yugoslavia

30. The Kosovo ConflictUN “Protection” • The UN created a safe haven for the Albanian Muslims of Kosovo by effectively taking control of the area’s politics and military. • It is from Kosovo that the Albanian leadership later attempted to disrupt the peace of Macedonia by waging war in her northern hills, attempting to “free” the Muslims of Macedonia. Yugoslavia

31. Milosevic's Downfall • Slobodan Milosevic was ousted from power by the crowds, just as they had helped propel him to power 13 years earlier.5 Yugoslavia

32. Radovan Karadzic • Bosnian Serb leader • Initially an ally of Milosevic • Dropped by Milosevic as his power grew • This former Bosnian Serb leader is is one of the most wanted men in the world Yugoslavia

33. Franjo Trujman • Elected President of Croatia in 1990 • Croatian Nationalist who declared independence from Yugoslavia without guaranteeing local minorities equal rights. • This provides the pretext for a Yugoslav invasion resulting in the deaths of countless thousands. Yugoslavia

34. Serbia Today In keeping with the newly emerged political conditions and welcoming the proper role of authorities in a democratic society, the Serbian government took on its term in office principally as an enormous challenge. For Serbia to continue moving forward, we need to prove that which we feel as a nation and as citizens - that we can be a better country than the one we inherited from the previous regime. Accepting this challenge is the basic condition for Serbia to reach for and discover its better side 7 Yugoslavia

35. Prime Minister Zoran DjindjicThe Philosopher King • Obtained his Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Konstantz in Germany, under the mentorship of Dr Jurgen Habermaas, one of the world’s most distinguished philosophers. Yugoslavia

36. Map of Yugoslavia

37. End Notes • 1 Warren Zimmermann, Origins of a Catastrophe, Random House New York 1999 • 2 www.northstarcompass.org/ - Published by the International Council of Friendship and Solidarity with Soviet People – April , 1999 • 3 http://www.unet.com.mk/oldmacedonianmaps/52.htm - July 8, 1998 • 4 Zimmermann 1999 • 5 http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/europe/2000/milosevic_yugoslavia/ default.stm – January 2003 • 6 http://www.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/10/06/slobo.missteps/ - January 2003 • 7 http://www.serbia.sr.gov.yu/ - January 2003 Yugoslavia