Summary Report on NNI Grand Challenge Workshop on NanoMaterials

1. Summary Report on NNI Grand Challenge Workshop on NanoMaterials WORKSHOP GOALS: To define a “Grand Challenge” in the broad field of nanomaterials for the next five year implementation of the National Nanotechnology Initiative. The Grand Challenge should be of sufficiently broad scope and vision that it can inspire the scientific community, federal government and general public, form a major plank of the NNI, and warrant major funding over the next decade Robert Hull, University of Virginia Lance Haworth, National Science Foundation Workshop Co-Chairs

2. NNI Grand Challenge Workshop on Nanomaterials, Arlington, Virginia 11-13 June 2003 WedsAm Opening Plenary Session Overview of the National Nanotechnology Initiative (Sharon Hays, OSTP) The Promise and Challenges of Nanotechnology (David Swain, Boeing) Nanoimprint and Guided Self-Assembly (Stephen Chou, Princeton) Natures Routes to Grow and Assemble Materials (Angela Belcher, MIT) Beyond Classical (Binary Logic) Materials (Paul Alivisatos , Berkeley) Computational Materials Science at the Nanoscale (Peter Voorhees, Northwestern) The Brave New World of Buckytubes (Richard Smalley, Rice) Weds Pm First Breakout Sessions Session 1: Beyond Conventional Lithography Session 2: Beyond Equilibrium Materials Session 3: Beyond Classical (Binary Logic) Materials Session 4: Virtual Materials Session 5: What’s New at the Nanoscale Weds eve:Discussion- Preliminary Identification of the Nanomaterials Grand Challenge and its Flagship Components

3. Thurs Am Definition and Convening of Second Breakout Sessions Session 1: Information Technologies Session 2: Health and Medical Technologies Session 3: Energy Technologies Session 4: Civil Infrastructure and Transportation Thurs Pm Reports, Discussions, Conclusions Fri Preliminary Report Writing

4. Old Nanomaterials Grand Challenge • “Nanomaterials by Design” • New properties from dominance of surface area • Synthesis techniques: self-assembly, templating etc; scaling • New nanoscale analytical tools • Molecular modeling, multiple length scales • “Bulk” nanostructured materials: networks, compaction… • Improvement in properties: harder, stronger, more reliable, safer (“10x stronger than steel, 10x lighter than paper…”) • Adaptive, self repairing, “smart materials” • Environmentally benign • Medical applications (e.g. drug delivery)

5. Proposed New NanoMaterials Grand Challenge NanoFoundries:Development of Techniques, Methods and Instruments for the Fabrication of Nanoscaled Materials and Systems that Enable Economically Viable Applications of Broad Benefit to Industry, Technology, the Economy, the Environment, Health, and Society

6. AA2024 substrate Potential Routes to Commercial NanoManufacturing - I Low material volume, high precision systems - E.g. engineered vol. in micro-electronic circuit (>108 components) is c. 1 mm3 - Basic material cost not a key issue - Fundamental needs – Increasing demands on lithographic precision, cost; Development of new materials technologies Nanostructured functional coatings - E.g. 1 m thick coating on an airplane wing requires volume of c. 1 cm3 - Challenges in uniform coating of complex surfaces - Fundamental needs – self interrogation / repair for failure; sensing; internal communications; application methods UVa-AFOSR MURI on “Multi-Functional Aerospace Coatings”

7. Potential Routes to Commercial NanoManufacturing - II Internally structured / nanocomposite systems - Porous materials, e.g. aerogel, internal surface areas of 1000 m2 per g – air or intercalate. - Unique thermal, electrical, acoustic, dielectric….properties - More generally, nanocomposite materials can greatly enhance properties (e.g. strength) with small fraction of “filler”. - Still requires significant volumes of minority phase material(s); optimize properties per volume required: simulation, understanding. Scaling of synthesis methods - Key to multiple macroscopic applications (mechanical components, transportation, civil infrastructure,environmental etc.) - Just make more! http://eande.lbl.gov/ECS/Aerogels/saphoto.htm

8. Elements of Implementing the Grand Challenge • Discovery of new materials and properties, and invention of new techniques and instruments • New techniques for synthesizing and refining nano-materials in large quantities. • New methods for self-assembly of materials, based upon both biological and non-biological methods. • Controlled hierarchical structures with multiple length scales down to the nano-scale • Materials, methods, and instruments for harnessing sub-atomic properties e.g. electron spin and quantum interactions. • Improved instruments and techniques for structuring and patterning materials at ever-increasing levels of precision. • The ability to measure 3D structure, properties, and chemistry of materials down to the atomic scale – a “nano-GPS”. • The development of computational methods, algorithms, and systems – both classical and quantum – to enable realistic simulation over all relevant length and time-scales. • The interface between nanomaterials and biological systems – enabling widespread improvements in human health. • Fault tolerance –how perfect do nanoscaled systems need to be to attain desired functionality – and how perfect do the fundamental laws of nature allow such systems to be. • The development of internal sensing methods for assembling or operating systems to optimize synthesis, evolution or adaption.

9. (n,m) = (5,5) metal (n,m) = (9,0) semimetal (n,m) = (10,0)semiconductor Discovery of new materials and properties, and invention of new techniques and instruments Eigler et al, IBM

10. New techniques for synthesizing and refining nano-materials in large quantities. Molecular Electronics H. Park (Harvard) If the aircraft industry had evolved at the same rate as the microelectronics industry in the last 25 years, a Boeing 777 today would cost $500, and circle the globe in 20 minutes on 5 gallons of fuel.

11. ZnS Nanowires Zn map New methods for self-assembly of materials, based upon both biological and non-biological methods Viral Mediated Assembly of Nanowires and Ordered QD ArraysBelcher group, MIT. Science 296, 892 (2002); Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 100, 6946 (2003).

12. 1 m Controlled hierarchical structures with multiple length scales down to the nano-scale Hierarchical Assembly of Semiconductor NanostruturesJ.Gray, S. Atha, and R. Hull, University of Virginia J. Floro, Sandia National Laboratories 0.5 m Peapod FullerenesD. Luzzi et al, U. Penn. E.g.Chem Phys. Lett. 315, 31; 321, 169 Quantum Dot Molecules

13. Non-magnetic Emitter GaAs Collector Tunnel Barrier Spin Valve Base Materials, methods, and instruments for harnessing sub-atomic properties e.g. electron spin and quantum interactions Three terminal magnetic tunnel transistor GaAs(001)/5 nm Co70Fe30/4 nm Cu/5 nm Ni81Fe19/ 1.8 nm Al2O3/30 nm Au Quantum Computing Ion Trap Quantum Computing Van Dijken, Jiang and Parkin Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 775 (2003) NMR Based Algorithms www.qubit.org(U.Oxford)

14. CdS Nanowires STM Atomic Manipulation Eigler group, IBM Almaden Viral Assembly Mao, Belcher et.al. e.g. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.100, 6946. Nano-Imprinting Chou group, Princeton JVST B16, 3825 (1998) Improved instruments and techniques for structuring and patterning materials at ever-increasing levels of precision 32 nm Co film

15. 5 m Meters FIB-Based Tomography The ability to measure 3D structure, properties, and chemistry of materials down to the atomic scale – a “nano-GPS”. 3D TomographicTechniques

16. Development of computational methods, algorithms, and systems to enable realistic simulation over all relevant length and time-scales. T Bi-Sn Tew et al.. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 9852 1/r at % Sn flexible coil rigid rod self organization Wave function for a GaAs dot; (A. Franceschetti and A. Zunger) New nanoscale alloys; W. Jesser, UVa Formation of Metallic Glasses, J. Poon, G. Shiflet, UVa

17. Artificial retina with nanocrystalline diamond The interface between nanomaterials and biological systems – enabling widespread improvements in human health. Courtesy of Dr. Mark Humyan, Doheny Eye Institute / USC Argonne National Laboratories

18. Fault tolerance – how perfect do nanoscaled systems need to be to attain desired functionality – and how perfect can they be K. Thürmer, E.D. Williams, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 186102 (2001)

19. The development of internal sensing methods for assembling or operating systems to optimize synthesis, evolution or adaption

20. Major Fields of Impact Include: • Electronics / Computation • Communications • Data storage • Energy storage / transmission / generation • Health care • Transportation • Civil infrastructure, • Military applications, national security • Environment.

21. Major advances in effective, minimally invasive personalized health care.Prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. E.g. major advances in enabling in repairing sight, paralysis, and local diagnosis of cancers. • New generations of computers with petaflop speed and ultra-low power consumption that boot up instantly.Current ‘top-down’ chip manufacturing may integrate with ‘bottom-up’ molecular assembly to enable new paradigms for electronics and communications. Quantum computing: new fields of calc. • Increasing chemical catalytic efficiency coupled with new materials for power storage, conversion and generation canreduce worldwide energy consumption by 20%.New sensors based will perform process monitoring, waste reduction, and real-time analysis to ensure energy efficiency in manufacturing • Safety and reliability of transportation systems– trains, planes, ships and automobiles – and civil infrastructure – buildings, bridges, and roads – will be significantly enhanced through the use of embedded nanosensors, smart nanostructured materials, and self-diagnosing and self-correcting materials systems.

22. Education and Societal Outreach • How do these advances affect education at all levels - K-12, undergraduate, graduate, and beyond? • How can we use nanoscience to educate and inspire society to be technologically literate? • How can we encourage medical professionals to avail themselves of the latest advances in nanotechnology? • How can we encourage educational institutions to value and reward interdisciplinarity? • How can we perform high-risk, high-cost research that will also benefit societies, or portions of societies, that cannot afford it?