Chapter 19

1. Chapter 19 The Civil War (1861-1865) Section 1 The War Begins (7)

3. Lincoln Faces a Crisis • 7 states seceded before Lincoln took office • Spoke of intention to preserve the Union in his inaugural address • Abe's Speech • South did not respond to Lincoln’s call for unity • Already taking over federal mints, arms storehouses, and forts • Fort Sumter – important federal (Union ) post located near Charleston, South Carolina (controlled entrance to Charleston Harbor) • March 1861, federal troops at Fort Sumter were low on supplies – Lincoln decided to resupply them rather than have them give up the fort

4. Lincoln Faces a Crisis (continued) South Carolina demanded Union troops leave; commander refused • Confederate guns opened fire before sunrise April 12, 1861 = beginning of Civil War. 34 hour attack. • Attack outraged the North • Response to Sumter: Lincoln declared the South in rebellion, asked state governments for 75,000 militiamen to put down the revolt

5. Choosing Sides • Democratic Senator Stephen Douglas supported Lincoln’s call for troops • Free Northern states remained solidly in the Union • Slave states that had not joined the Confederacy had to choose sides • Upper South – North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Arkansas – joined Confederacy after Lincoln’s call for troops • Provided CSA with soldiers and industrial resources • Richmond, Virginia became the capital of the CSA. • Slave states that did not secede – Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri – bordered the North = “border states” • Important to both sides • Kentucky and Missouri controlled key stretches of Mississippi and Ohio Rivers • Federal capital bordered on three sides by Maryland

6. Choosing Sides (continued) • Slaveholders in Delaware supported secession but there were few • Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri – people were deeply divided • Troops from Kentucky and Missouri served on both sides • Lincoln sent federal troops into Maryland and western Virginia (whose population was mostly loyal to the Union) • People in the counties of western Virginia set up their own state government – West Virginia joined the Union in 1863

7. United States 1861

8. The Volunteer Spirit • Neither side was prepared for war • Depended heavily on volunteers • In border states, members of same family often joined opposing sides • Civilians raised money, provided aid for soldiers and their families, and ran emergency hospitals • Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell = first woman to earn a medical license • Helped convince President Lincoln to form the U.S. Sanitary Commission in June 1861 • Sent bandages, medicines, and food to Union army camps and hospitals

9. The North versus the South • North’s Advantages • Much larger population provided more soldiers • Had most of nation’s factories and shipyards • Better network of railways – allowed for more efficient transportation • Able to raise more money to spend on war • South’s Advantages • Many skilled officers • Only needed to defend itself until North grew tired; North had to defeat southern forces and occupy large areas of enemy territory • Both sides based military strategy on strengths • Union General Winfield Scott developed the Union’s basic 2-part strategy • Wanted to destroy South’s economy through naval blockade of Southern seaports • Gain control of the Mississippi River to divide the Confederacy and cut its communications

10. The North vs. the South (continued) • Many northern leaders called for a direct attack on Richmond (the Confederate capital) • Confederate strategy was to defend its territory and wear down Union’s will to fight • Wanted to take Washington, D.C. • Davis was a demanding leader, went through 6 Secretaries of War in 4 years • Davis and other Confederate leaders tried to win foreign allies (particularly Great Britain) through “cotton diplomacy” – did not work • Based on Southern belief that British government would support them because cotton was important to British textile industry (did not work because British had large supply stockpiled when war began)

11. Chapter 19The Civil War (1861-1865) Section 2 The War in the East (6)

12. Two Armies Meet • First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) = first major clash of Union and Confederate armies (July 1861) • General Irvin McDowell led 35,000 barely trained troops from Washington toward Richmond • Two sides met 30 miles outside DC near Manassas Junction, VA • 35,000 Confederates lined Bull Run Creek • Unit led by General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson held firmly in place • Union army driven back; retreated to DC • Confederates may have captured capital if not so tired and disorganized • Defeat broke Union’s hopes of winning the war quickly and easily

14. General Robert E. Lee General George B. McClellan

15. More Battles in Virginia • Lincoln sent General George B. McClellan back into VA to capture Richmond • Camped near Yorktown, did not attack because thought his troops were outnumbered (gave Confederacy time to strengthen Richmond’s defenses) • McClellan took Yorktown; clashed with Confederates near Richmond • Davis put General Robert E. Lee in charge in VA in June 1862 • Most talented officer on either side • Lincoln had asked him to join the Union in 1861 but he chose to remain loyal to his home (south)

16. More Battles in Virginia (continued) • Lee strengthened positions during summer of 1862 • Began attacking, hoping to push McClellan away from Richmond (Seven Days’ Battles) – it worked • Lincoln ordered General John Pope to advance directly on Richmond from DC • Lee sent Jackson’s troops around Pope’s right side; Lee’s forces took left side = 2nd Battle of Bull Run • Pope’s army fell apart • By August 1862, Lee had pushed most of Union forces out of Virginia • Took war to the North

18. The Battle of Antietam • Confederate leaders hoped victory on Northern soil would break Union’s spirit and convince European powers to help the south • September 4, 1862 Confederate soldiers entered Maryland • Union soldiers found copy of Lee’s battle plan; General McClellan used to plan counterattack • Battle of Antietam – September 17, 1862 – armies met along Antietam Creek • Union lost more than 12,000; Confederates more than 13,000 • Bloodiest single-day battle of the war (Union won) • Antietam cost Lee many troops and stopped northern advance • McClellan allowed Lee to retreat to Virginia; replaced two months later – Lincoln tired of delays

19. The War at Sea • Union controlled sea • North had most of U.S. Navy’s small fleet and enough industry to build more ships • Union navy blockaded the South • cut off southern trade and hurt the economy • South used blockade runners (small fast ships) to outrun larger Union warships to reach trading ports • Could not make up for loss of trade

20. Confederacy turned to new type of warship – the ironclad (heavily armored with iron) • Turned a captured Union ship into an ironclad, renamed Virginia – successful in sinking several wooden warships • at Hampton Roads, VA (access to important waterway)

21. Monitor – Union navy’s ironclad • Unusual feature – revolving gun turret • Powerful guns and thick plating • Monitor met Virginia back at Hampton Roads, VA – forced the Virginia to withdraw • saved the Union fleet, kept the blockade going

22. Chapter 19The Civil War (1861-1865) Section 3 The War in the West Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas, March 8th. 1862.

23. Ulysses S. Grant John C. Pemberton

24. Western Strategy • Union strategy focused on controlling the Mississippi River • Would allow the North to cut the eastern states of Confederacy off from important sources of food production in western states of AK, LA and TX • Union army would also be able to attack South’s communication and trade network • Ulysses S. Grant = most important figure in the war in the west • Volunteered to serve in the Union army • By February 1862, Union forces had captured Nashville • Controlled KY and much of TN • Advanced south along the Tennessee River toward Mississippi

25. Western Strategy (continued) • Battle of Shiloh – April 6, 1862 – Confederates caught Grant by surprise, pushed him back • Grant launched counterattack after reinforcements arrived on April 7 • Confederates retreated, Union had greater control of the Mississippi River valley • One of the first major battles of the war

26. Fighting for the Mississippi River • Grant and other Union commanders wanted to capture key southern positions along the Mississippi • Union navy would first try to take the port of New Orleans (largest city in the South) • Union could then send forces up the Mississippi to join Grant’s advancing army from the north • Two forts guarded the approach to New Orleans from the Gulf of Mexico • David Farragut could not defeat them so he sailed past them to capture the port of New Orleans (April 29, 1862) • Sailed up the Mississippi, took Baton Rouge and Natchez – only Vicksburg stood in his way • Southern defenders of Vicksburg had an important advantage – city’s high bluffs overlooking the river • Allowed Confederates (under John C. Pemberton) to cover the area with heavy guns)

28. Fighting for the Mississippi River • General Grant blocked Confederate reinforcements from reaching Vicksburg in the spring of 1863 • Siege of Vicksburg – Union troops surrounded the city for about 6 weeks • Starving residents and Confederate soldiers resorted to eating horses, dogs, rats, etc. Had to surrender or mutiny might occur. • Pemberton surrendered Vicksburg on July 4, 1863 giving the Union control of the Mississippi

29. The Far West • Fighting took place in Arkansas, Missouri, along the Texas coast and in New Mexico • Little or no fighting took place in California • Strongly pro-Union • Confederates marched into New Mexico from Texas (August, 1861) • Defeated by Union at Glorieta Pass near Santa Fe • Ended Confederate hopes of controlling the Southwest • Confederates tried to take Missouri • Union forces turned them back in attempt to seize the federal arsenal at St. Louis

30. The Far West (continued) • Battle of Pea Ridge – Union forces vs. pro-Confederate Missourians in Northwestern Arkansas • American Indians (mainly Cherokee) fought on Confederate side – hoped Confederate leaders would give them greater independence • Also, slavery legal in Indian Territory; some Indian slaveholders supported Confederacy • Union forces won – gave them upper hand in Missouri • Pro-Confederate units continued to attack Union forts and raid towns; forced Union to keep valuable troops in area

31. Chapter 19The Civil War (1861-1865) Section 4 Life During the War

32. Freeing the Slaves • Lincoln supported freeing slaves if it would help the north win the war • Other arguments for ending: • Punish southern slaveholders for role in causing war • Argued continuing slavery would lead to future conflict between north and south • Lincoln faced problems concerning emancipation: • Feared northern prejudice against African Americans might weaken support for the war if emancipation became a Union goal • Afraid some northerners would consider slaves property that southerners had the right to keep • constitution did not give the president the power to end slavery in the U.S. • Lincoln issued a military order freeing slaves only in areas controlled by the Confederacy • Felt his authority did not apply to loyal, slaveholding border states (did not want to make them angry)

33. Freeing the Slaves (continued) • Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862 following the Union victory at the Battle of Antietam • Called for all slaves in areas rebelling against the Union to be freed. • Encouraged southern slaves to escape when they heard Union troops nearby (hurt southern economy and Confederate war effort) • African Americans and northerners praised the Emancipation Proclamation; received popular support from Britain and France • Many northern Democrats opposed it – wanted to restore Union, not end slavery • A few abolitionists argued Lincoln had not gone far enough

35. African Americans and the War • Question of whether or not to allow African Americans in the military troubled many northern leaders • Saw practical reason for enlistment – Union needed soldiers • African Americans allowed to volunteer as laborers beginning in July 1862 • War department gave contrabands (escaped slaves) right to join Union army • 54th Massachusetts Infantry – one such African American unit • Played key role in attack on South Carolina’s Fort Wagner • Became most famous A.A. unit of the war • About 180,000 A.A. served during the war • Fought bravely despite discrimination • Received less pay than white soldiers • Usually led by whites • Confederates often killed A.A. POWs or sold them into slavery

36. Problems in the North • North upset by length of war and increasing number of casualties • Group of northern Democrats – “Copperheads” – began to speak out against the war • Many were mid-westerners who sympathized with the South; objected to abolition and wanted war to end • Lincoln believed Copperheads threatened war effort • Suspended right of habeas corpus to stop them – Union officials could put enemies in jail without evidence or trial (angered Democrats) • March 1863 – Congress passed a law allowing men to be drafted into military service • Wealthy could buy way out • Copperheads argued its unfair to force unwilling white men to fight for freedom of slaves • Riots targeted A.A. and draft officials in NYC in July 1863 • Many were poor immigrants afraid of losing jobs to freed A.A.

38. Southern Struggles • Naval blockade took heavy toll – did not have enough supplies • Value of Confederate money fell as southern exports dropped • Price of food, clothing, and medicine soared • Severe shortages caused unrest • Food riots in many cities • Newspapers ordered not to report – Davis feared news would embarrass southerners and encourage north to keep fighting

39. Southern Struggles (continued) • Government of Confederacy faced problems – officials disagreed on many issues • Controversy over new draft law • Southern draft did not apply to men who held many slaves – rule angered poor white southerners • Hatred of the draft and some pro-Union feelings in rural areas led to protests; some even took up arms against Confederate officials

41. Life on the Home Front • People too young or old for military service worked in factories, on farms, and other areas • Women played important role in providing medical care for soldiers • Dorothea Dix headed more than 3000 women who served as paid nurses in the Union army • Clara Barton worked as a volunteer, organizing the collection of medicine and supplies for delivery to Union troops on the battlefield • Her work formed the basis for what would become the American Red Cross

42. Life on the Home Front (continued) • Soldiers spent weeks in uncomfortable and unhealthy camps • Faced bad weather, disease, and unsafe food • Twice as many soldiers died of disease than died in combat • Military prisoners suffered greatly • Worst conditions were at Andersonville in southwestern Georgia • Thousands of Union soldiers held there with no shelter and little food

43. Chapter 19The Civil War (1861-1865) Section 5 The Tide of the War Turns

44. Marching Towards Gettysburg • May 1863 Lee’s troops defeated larger Union force near town of Chancellorsville, then won at Fredericksburg (both in VA) • Stonewall Jackson accidentally shot by own troops at Chancellorsville • Victories encouraged Lee to launch another offensive into Union territory • Goals = break Union will to fight; capture much needed supplies • Hoped another victory would turn tide of war in Confederate favor • Mid-June 1863 Lee cut across northern Maryland into southern Pennsylvania (gathered near Gettysburg)

45. Confederate raiding party went to Gettysburg for supplies (July 1, 1863) – attacked by Union soldiers

46. Gettysburg, Pa., vicinity. G.J. White's house

47. The Battle of Gettysburg • Battle of Gettysburg – 75,000 Confederates vs. 90,000 Union soldiers • Pickett’s Charge – led by General George Picket – up Cemetery Ridge (occupied by Union) • Disaster; fewer than ½ reached the top

48. Fields of Gettysburg

49. Gettysburg, Pa. Dead Confederate soldiers in "the devil's den"

50. Gettysburg, Pa. Bodies of Confederate soldiers, killed on July 1, collected near the McPherson woods