What do I need to know?

1. What do I need to know? • Explain several development indicators. • Explain differences between developing countries. • Explain differences within a country. (Brazil) • List factors which lead to malnutrition. • List factors which cause sanitation and water supply problems. • For malaria • a) explain factors which cause the disease to spread • b) describe methods used to control the disease • c) comment on the success of control methods • d) suggest the benefits to a country in dealing with malaria. • Describe and explain the main causes of death in an EMDC and how these can be tackled. • Describe the main elements of Primary Health Care. Give reasons why Primary Health Care may be appropriate in Less Economically Developed Countries.

2. 1. Explain different indicators of development and identify their strengths and weaknesses

3. Measuring Development Economic Indicators • Gross Domestic Product • Gross National Product • Energy used per person • % of people employed in Agriculture • Social Indicators • Number of people per doctor • Infant mortality • Life expectancy • Calories per person • Adult literacy

4. Combined Indicators Physical Quality of Life PQLI • Life Expectancy • Infant mortality • Adult literacy - Score between 0-100 • The higher score the higher quality of life • Below 77 = poor quality of life • Human Development Index (HDI) • Life expectancy • Adult literacy • GNP/person • Cost of living • Scholl enrolment • - Score between 0-1

5. Problems with indicators • Indicators are broad averages and hide great differences which exist within countries • Money and resources are not evenly distributed between regions and across socio economic groups • Do not highlight differences between rural and urban areas • Do not highlight differences in lifestyle between shanty towns and prosperous parts of city. E.g. Sao Paulo • Do not highlight gender differences or racial and religious groups

6. Problems with indicators cont • A country may produce a lot of wealth but not spend it on all of its people e.g. Saudi Arabia • Income does not show how well off people are. E.g. people may lead a subsistence lifestyle • Social indicators are based on averages so they don’t tell us differences within a country e.g. no of calories • One indicator on its own does not show quality of life. Well fed does not mean well educated • Countries at war cannot provide data

7. 2. Explain differences between developing countries.

8. Case Studies South Korea • Secure, stable supportive G’ment • Wealth based on industrial growth • Wealth reinvested in housing, health, sanitation and food • Foreign investment attracted and multinationals keen to be involved • Large, flexible, low cost workforce • Labour force well educated and resourceful • Well located to trade with pacific rim countries • However • - Exploitation of some groups (women), low wages, health and safety concerns, environmental issues Ethiopia • Few natural resources • Caught in cycle of poverty • Lack of industrial development • Based on subsistence farming with land degradation • G’ment lacking money and in debt • Civil war and corrupt G’ment • Poor health with endemic disease • Poor health, housing, sanitation and education • Aids/HIV holding back development • High pop growth with poor infrastructure

9. The table shows 3 ELDCs that are relatively rich. Giving examples of named countries describe the factors which help some ELDCs to achieve higher levels of development than others. (10)

10. Answer A S Korea is a wealthy country having a GNP of $17700 per capita. Consequently it has a birth rate of 12 per 1000 because it can afford hospitals and infant mortality is also low. It has high literacy because it has invested money in health care and education . Thailand has the lowest GNP and being poor has the highest Infant mortality rate. Saudi Arabia has oil supplies so has a higher GNP

11. Answer B Amount of natural resources a country has will influence its ability to develop. Saudi Arabia and Kuwait have large oil reserves to export. Oil is in great demand so they can this for a high price giving them a high GDP but it only goes into the pockets of a few people and most people stay poor. Wars prevent countries from developing so Iraq is not getting the benefit of its oil resources and Somalia has been held back by civil war. Some of the poorest countries in the world are in the Sahel zone of Africa like Mali and Chad. They have severe climate problems with frequent droughts. They cannot produce enough food and have to borrow money for this rather than investing in development projects. China is an NIC developing its industry by allowing multi national companies to invest. This could have consequences on pollution in air and rivers. Singapore has a natural harbour enabling it to develop its port and trading links. Cheap labour and imported raw materials enabled it to develop textile and ship building industries. It is a ‘tiger economy’ which has used its entrepreneurial skills to develop as a commercial centre

12. Newly Industrial Countries (NIC) • Asian Tigers • Natural resources e.g tin and rubber in Malaysia, harbour in Singapore • Large, flexible, hard working, low cost, labour supply • Government encouragement of exporting manufactured goods e.g textiles, clothing, toys, plastic, leather, and footwear • Attracted Transnational Corporations • Companies were attracted to location close to growing Chinese market • Employees encouraged to spend capital on these products • Negatives • Exploitation of labour • Illegal migration from less developed neighbouring countries • Rapid expansion caused environmental problems • Heavy dependence on foreign investment – vulnerable to shifts in global economy • Corruption – contracts are awarded to relative or friends rather than competence You need to know your Singapore case study

13. 3. Explain differences within a country. (Brazil) Combined Indicators

14. South East Region • Mild and favorable climate • Richest and most developed part of Brazil • Contains 42% of population • Rio, Sao Paulo, Belo Horizonte make up ‘Golden Triangle’ which is largest industrial area in S. America e.g Steel industries, Motor vehicles, Coca Cola. Close proximity to HEP • Creation of jobs • Modern cities: skyscrapers, road and rail links, ports • Agriculture: commercial and mechanised plantations • Rich fertile soil to grow coffee and cereals for export

15. South Region • Climate similar to Europe • Cold winters and frosts • Good balance between rural and manufacturing sectors • Parana River largest Hydroelectric power dam in the world

16. North East Region • Semi arid region – dry bush vegetation • Agriculture is hard so little money is made • No money for irrigation • Rain unreliable and prone to drought • Recently received government resources as it has sizeable oil fields

17. North Region • North lies in the Amazon Basin and covered by tropical rainforest • Heavy rainfall and hot temps • Less fertile and rocky soils produce low yields made worse by leaching • Lowest population density and GDP • Poor transport and difficult to develop • 1960s/70s Government incentives to farm here – mineral wealth, HEP

18. West Central Region • Covered in woodland savanna which consists of sparse scrub and resistant grasses • Sparsely populated with 6.4% of population • Government set aside vast areas of reservations for native Indian tribes • More recently rapid expansion of rural production and new industries

19. Health

20. Factors contributing to disease Physical Factors • Poor climate (drought/flooding ) • Effect on farming and diet • Presence of endemic disease • Mountainous areas have poor communications • Quality of water supply (rural/urban) • Basic sanitation Human Factors • Poverty • Poor diet (malnourishment) • Poor living conditions • Lack of health support (medicines/hospitals/doctors) • Low public awareness, poor education, poor hygiene