Ὁ δ' ἀνεξέταστος βίος οὐ βιωτὸς ἀνθρώπῳ

6. Ὁ δ' ἀνεξέταστος βίος οὐ βιωτὸς ἀνθρώπῳ The unexamined life is not worth living.

7. How much there is in the world I do not want. • It is not living that matters, but living rightly. • I know that I am intelligent, because I know that I know nothing. • The end of life is to be like God, and the soul following God will be like Him. • Be as you wish to seem.  • Beware the barrenness of a busy life.  • False words are not only evil in themselves, but they infect the soul with evil.  • He is richest who is content with the least, for content is the wealth of nature. • Worthless people live only to eat and drink; people of worth eat and drink only to live.   • Wisdom begins in wonder.  • True wisdom comes to each of us when we realize how little we understand about life, ourselves, and the world around us.  • Death may be the greatest of all human blessings. • Do not do to others what angers you if done to you by others.

8. Philosophy Filia sopia Love Wisdom

9. Wisdom A type of knowledge that allows a person to judge all things in terms of their causes.

10. The Four Causes of Aristotle • Material Cause • Formal Cause • Efficient Cause • Final Cause

11. The Four Causes of Aristotle Material Cause – That of which something is.

12. The Four Causes of Aristotle Formal Cause – That shape (form) in which something is.

13. The Four Causes of Aristotle Efficient Cause – That act by which something is.

14. The Four Causes of Aristotle Final Cause – That by which something is intended.

15. Wisdom A type of knowledge that allows a person to judge all things in terms of their causes.

16. Philosophy (Love of Wisdom) – Explaining in a meaningful way the sum of our experiences in a process beginning with the common experience (most certain) and moving to extraordinary experience (less certain),

19. Philosophy (Love of Wisdom) – Explaining in a meaningful way the sum of our experiences in a process beginning with the common experience (most certain) and moving to extraordinary experience (less certain).

20. Logic A branch of philosophy that analyzes proper systems of reasoning and judgment.

21. Classic Logic Test • 3 people stand in line facing the same direction only seeing in front of them. • There are 5 hats. 2 green. 3 red. • Each person is blindfolded, hatted, then the blindfold is removed. • When asked in sequence, the last and middle person do not know their hat. The first does. HOW?

22. Logic: • Front: green, Middle: green. • Front: green, middle: red. • Front: red, Middle: green. • Front: red, Middle: red.

23. When Where: Western Philosophy began with the ancient Greeks in the 7th Century BC. • Discovery: We can use what we know to figure out what we don’t know. • Point: • Paideia, the process of educating a person into his true, real, and genuine human nature so that the person would be in balance and harmony with the cosmos. • Aret, the ability to stay the course, live properly, no matter the challenge.

24. Art vs. Science Art– an application of truths in order to obtain a desired outcome. Science – a systematic set of integrated truths.

25. + = Speculative Knowledge (KNOWELDGE FOR ITS OWN SAKE) Natural Philosophy – Study of the qualities of a being, immediate and concrete. Mathematics – Quantification of being, intermediate and abstract. Metaphysics – Study of being, most abstract.

26. Practical Knowledge • (KNOWELDGE FOR THE SAKE OF AN OPERATION) • Arts – the operation that explains • how to make something. • Ethics – the operations that explain • how to do something. • Politics – are the arts that explain • how to govern or manage.

27. Key Early Greek Philosophical Values Cosmological Values Time is linear • Understanding of nature helps us make it work better • Material reality is good Human Values We are distinct and our individualism is important • One chance at life • Possibility of an afterlife • We can find happiness

28. Pre – Socratic Philosophers c. 625 – 475 BC The Pre-Socratic Philosophers tried to understand reality in terms of reason without an appeal to the divine.

29. Thales Thought that WATER was the basic element and cause of all things. He taught that all reality could be understood in terms of paired opposites and we can use what we know to deduce what we don’t know. He is considered the Founder of Western Philosophy.

30. Anaximander Held that the basic element and cause of reality is “The Boundless.” He brought a new level of abstraction to philosophy. The Boundless is a limitless, original principle. All things arise from it and all things return to it. It is infinite and eternal.

31. Anaximenes Held that air was the basic element. As solids or liquids are heated, they rarefy into air; as they cool, they condense into liquid and solid.

32. Heraclitus Taught that all things come into being through opposition and all are in flux. E.G, the river maintains its identity even though the water is always changing.

33. Xenophanes Taught that there is only one god who is perfection beyond our understanding. The gods of the myths are made in our image and so unworthy of worship. Gods were invented to explain natural phenomenon that should rather be explained by reason.

34. Democritus Taught that reality is the product of small indivisible particles called atoms.

35. Protagoras The first “Sophist”. He taught that man is the measure of all things. He promoted relativism claiming that the truth is what people believe.