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MPEG Streaming over Mobile Internet

MPEG Streaming over Mobile Internet. Kyunghee Lee and Myungchul Kim {leekhe, mckim}@icu.ac.kr. Contents. Introduction Related Work Proposed Mechanism System Design Testbed Configuration Experiments Performance Evaluation Conclusions References. Introduction.

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MPEG Streaming over Mobile Internet

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  1. MPEG Streaming over Mobile Internet Kyunghee Lee and Myungchul Kim {leekhe, mckim}@icu.ac.kr

  2. Contents • Introduction • Related Work • Proposed Mechanism • System Design • Testbed Configuration • Experiments • Performance Evaluation • Conclusions • References

  3. Introduction • General multimedia data characteristics • Intolerant to delay and jitter variance • Error-sensitive • Characteristics of mobile Internet • Frequent routing path changes due to handoffs • Higher error rate in wireless link • Effects on streaming multimedia data in mobile Internet • Handoff delay • Re-routing toward congested network  delay increment • Higher packet loss probability due to mobility Significant quality degradation of streaming multimedia data

  4. Introduction (cont’d) • Popular Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee mechanisms • Differentiated Service (DiffServ) [2] • Guarantees aggregated QoS for multiple flows • Can not guarantee specific QoS requirement for each data flow • Integrated Service (IntServ) • Network resource reservation for specific data flow • Strict guarantees for multimedia streams with various QoS requirements • Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) [3]

  5. Introduction (cont’d) • Problems of RSVP in Mobile Internet • Mobile Host (MH) handoff invalidates existing reservation paths  overhead and delay to re-establish new RSVP session • Movement to congested wireless cell  fail to get admission to re-establish new RSVP session • Seamless QoS guarantees are impossible • Existing approaches • Mobile RSVP (MRSVP) [15] • Hierarchical Mobile RSVP (HMRSVP) [16] • A method of Concatenation and Optimization of Reservation Path (CORP) [10]

  6. Related Work • Priority-based scheduling for MPEG streaming on Mobile Internet • Differentiated delivery service depending on the importance of each MPEG frame data Priority-aware MPEG Server CH I P B B R1 I congested FA P B B P Packet drop : MPEG video stream I : Non-multimedia Traffic MPEG Client MH

  7. Related Work • Classify IP packets into two classes depending on its payload • Class 1: containing MPEG and GOP header (priority 1) • Class 2: containing MPEG I frame (priority 1) • Class 3: containing MPEG B, P frame (priority 7, best-effort) • Uses TOS field in IP packet header as a classifier 4 TOS bits minimize monetary cost minimize delay maximize throughput maximize reliability 1-bit unused 3-bit precedence field (currently ignored) 0 16 31 4-bit version 4-bit header len. 16-bit total length (in bytes) 8-bit TOS field 3-bit flag 13-bit fragment offset 16-bit identification 8-bit time-to-live (TTL) 8-bit protocol 16-bit header checksum 32-bit source IP address

  8. Related Work (cont’d) • Priority-aware MPEG streaming server

  9. Related Work (cont’d) • Mobile IP Foreign Agent (FA) • Is the most probable spot of packet loss due to the network congestion • Acts as a gateway router for its own wireless subnet • Runs mobile IP FA daemon program • Performs priority-based CBQ scheduling for the traffic delivered toward MH • Mobile MPEG client • Plays MPEG video stream from the server • Advantages • Simple and light-weight mechanism  suitable for wireless/mobile networking environment • Significant video quality improvement can be achieved though the extra bandwidth is scarcely consumed

  10. Related Work (cont’d) • Experiment scenario • Sample MPEG file specification • Background traffic pattern * Total 1516 frames • Testbed configuration Non-diffserv router R MPEG video stream Background traffic Priority-aware MPEG server FA HA Priority-based scheduling on/off Wireless subnet 1 Wireless subnet 2 MH ** The bandwidth limit in the WaveLAN II wireless link: 5.07 Mbps

  11. Related Work (cont’d) • Experimental results • Number of the received packets (at client) containing either MPEG header or I-frame (Class 1, 2) • Each packet size: 1024 bytes • Total number of Class 1 or 2 packets: 151 • Number of the received packets: 151 (the proposed mechanism), 121 (FIFO scheduling) • Transfer rate variation of the MPEG video stream • Transfer rate is more independent on the amount of the background traffic ( ) Class 1, 2 packets are served by the priority-based scheduling

  12. Related Work (cont’d) • Experimental results (cont’d) • PSNR value distribution • Amount of the received traffic: 824 Kbytes (FIFO), 852 Kbytes (CBQ) out of total 1.2 Mbytes • Number of frames  20 dB: 919 (FIFO), 775 (CBQ) • Number of frames with 78 dB: 151 (FIFO), 192 (CBQ) • 78 dB: same quality with the original image •  20 dB: impossible to be recognized by human eyes Out of total 1440

  13. Related Work (cont’d) • CORP • Base Station (BS) takes charge of making and managing RSVP sessions on behalf of MH • Consists of two main processes • Concatenation of Reservation Path (CRP) process • Reservation path extension technique • Current BS pre-establishes pseudo reservation path (PRP) toward its neighboring BSs to prepare for MH’s handoff • When MH handoffs, corresponding PRP is activated to guarantee QoS for MH • Optimization for Reservation Path (ORP) process • Solves infinitely long path extension problem and reservation path loop problem of CRP process • Optimizes the extended reservation path

  14. MH requests a new RSVP session and BS_B makes it on behalf of the MH CRP inform • BS_B sends CRP inform messages to its neighbors CRP inform BS_C BS_B BS_A Related Work (cont’d) • CRP Process PRP CORP message RSVP session Activated PRP

  15. BS_C BS_B BS_A Related Work (cont’d) • CRP Process • MH requests a new RSVP session and BS_B makes it on behalf of the MH • BS_B sends CRP inform messages to its neighbors • BS_B makes PRP to its neighbors PRP CORP message RSVP session Activated PRP

  16. BS_C BS_B BS_A Related Work (cont’d) • CRP Process • MH requests a new RSVP session and BS_B makes it on behalf of the MH • BS_B sends CRP inform messages to its neighbors • BS_B makes PRP to its neighbors • MH handoffs toward BS_C’s cell PRP CORP message RSVP session Activated PRP

  17. BS_C BS_B BS_A Related Work (cont’d) • CRP Process • MH requests a new RSVP session and BS_B makes it on behalf of the MH • BS_B sends CRP inform messages to its neighbors • BS_B makes PRP to its neighbors CRP activate • MH handoffs toward BS_C’s cell • BS_C sends CRP activate message to the previous BS (BS_B) PRP CORP message RSVP session Activated PRP

  18. BS_C BS_B BS_A Related Work (cont’d) • CRP Process • MH requests a new RSVP session and BS_B makes it on behalf of the MH • BS_B sends CRP inform messages to its neighbors • BS_B makes PRP to its neighbors • MH handoffs toward BS_C’s cell • BS_C sends CRP activate message to the previous BS (BS_B) • BS_B forwards MPEG-1 video through the activated PRP PRP CORP message RSVP session Activated PRP

  19. BS_C BS_B BS_A Related Work (cont’d) • CRP Process • MH requests a new RSVP session and BS_B makes it on behalf of the MH • BS_B sends CRP inform messages to its neighbors • BS_B makes PRP to its neighbors • MH handoffs toward BS_C’s cell • BS_C sends CRP activate message to the previous BS (BS_B) • BS_B forwards MPEG-1 video through the activated PRP • BS_B terminates useless PRP toward BS_A PRP CORP message RSVP session Activated PRP

  20. BS_C sends IGMP group report message to its gateway router IGMP report BS_C BS_B BS_A Related Work (cont’d) • ORP Process PRP CORP message RSVP session Activated PRP

  21. BS_C sends CRP release message to the previous BS (BS_B) CRP release BS_C BS_B BS_A Related Work(cont’d) • ORP Process • BS_C sends IGMP group report message to its gateway router • BS_C joins into the existing multicast RSVP session PRP CORP message RSVP session Activated PRP

  22. BS_C BS_B BS_A Related Work (cont’d) • ORP Process • BS_C sends IGMP group report message to its gateway router • BS_C joins into the existing multicast RSVP session • BS_C sends CRP release message to the previous BS (BS_B) • BS_B terminates the activated PRP and BS_C uses the newly optimized one to deliver MPEG data stream to MH PRP CORP message RSVP session Activated PRP

  23. CRP inform CRP inform BS_C BS_B BS_A • BS_C sends CRP inform messages to its neighbors to prepare MH’s probable movement Related Work (cont’d) • ORP Process • BS_C sends IGMP group report message to its gateway router • BS_C joins into the existing multicast RSVP session • BS_C sends CRP release message to the previous BS (BS_B) • BS_B terminates the activated PRP and BS_C uses the newly optimized one to deliver MPEG data stream to MH • BS_B leaves the multicast RSVP session PRP CORP message RSVP session Activated PRP

  24. Proposed Mechanism • Motivation • To provide QoS guarantees for MPEG video streaming services with mobility support • Proposed System • Uses CORP to guarantee seamless QoS in mobile networks • Provides MPEG-1 video streaming services over CORP • CORP-aware video streaming server and client • CORP-capable mobile agents (Base Stations)

  25. System Design CORP message MPEG-1 data • Video Server Architecture • CORP adaptation module handles CORP messages and takes charge of resource reservation process • MPEG-1 traffic transfer module transfers MPEG-1 stream to BS at the speed of a reserved bandwidth

  26. System Design (cont’d) • Base Station Architecture • CORP message handler module handles CORP messages which are generated by neighboring BSs or a mobile client • traffic forward module receives MPEG-1 streaming data from the video server and forwards it to a neighboring BS or directly delivers it to the client

  27. System Design (cont’d) • Client Architecture • CORP adaptation module handles CORP messages • Handoff detection module detects a handoff and determines when MH has to request the activation of PRP • MPEG-1 traffic receiver modulereceives MPEG-1 streaming data from a current BS • MPEG-1 video playback moduleplays the MPEG-1 video from the received stream

  28. Video Server BS1 BS2 Client Service Request Service Request Service Request Ack Service Request Ack RSVP path RSVP resv PRP establishment MPEG-1 traffic MPEG-1 traffic Client Handoffs (BS1BS2) System Design (cont’d) • MPEG-1 Service Procedure over CORP before Handoff

  29. Video Server BS1 BS2 Client Client handoffs CRP Activate Request CRP Activate CRP Activate Ack MPEG-1 traffic MPEG-1 traffic MPEG-1 traffic ORP Request ORP Request Ack RSVP path RSVP resv MPEG-1 traffic MPEG-1 traffic System Design (cont’d) • MPEG-1 Service Procedure over CORP after Handoff (BS1BS2)

  30. Home Agent Video Server Wired Subnet_1 Wired Subnet_2 Gateway BS1 BS2 MH Wireless Subnet_1 Wireless Subnet_2 Testbed Configuration • Wired subnet bandwidth • 10 Mbps Ethernet • Wireless subnet bandwidth • IEEE 802.11b wireless LAN with the bandwidth of 11 Mbps • BS • Runs FA daemon of Mobile IP • Runs CORP daemon • Client • Runs MH daemon of Mobile IP • Runs VOD client program • Video Server • Supports CORP-aware MPEG-1 streaming service • Network Architecture

  31. Experiments • Sample Video Clip Specification • Experiment Scenarios • Background traffic generation: MGEN • Maximum throughput of wired network: 9.34 Mbps • Wired subnet_1: non-congested • Wired subnet_2: congested • 8.2 Mbps background traffic • Movement of MH: BS1  BS2 • Experiment Cases • MPEG-1 streaming with CORP and TCP • MPEG-1 streaming with TCP only • MPEG-1 streaming with CORP and UDP • MPEG-1 streaming with UDP only

  32. Performance Evaluation I. MPEG-1 Streaming with CORP and TCP II. MPEG-1 Streaming with TCP only • QoS Guarantee • Data rate is measured at client per each second while the sample MPEG file is being delivered • Not much difference in data rate distribution between before and after handoff cases in (I) • Amount of packet loss due to handoff is about 81Kbytes in (I) • 84 percents are less than 0.3 Mbps after handoff in(II) * 150KBps bandwidth reserved

  33. Performance Evaluation I. MPEG-1 Streaming with CORP and UDP II. MPEG-1 Streaming with UDP only • QoS Guarantee (cont’d) • Not much difference in data rate distribution between before and after handoff cases in (I) • Average data rate before handoff is significantly higher than that after handoff in (II) • Average packet loss rate is about 0.6 Mbps in (II) * 200KBps bandwidth reserved

  34. Performance Evaluation I. MPEG-1 Streaming with CORP and TCP II. MPEG-1 Streaming with TCP only • Quality of Streaming Video • If Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) is less than 20 dB, the frame can be regarded as being lost • In (I), MPEG-1 streaming data did not suffer from loss or delay under the congested situation • 11 frames were lost during CRP process time in (I) • the total number of received frames is only 1107 frames out of 2000 frames for 80 seconds in (II)

  35. Performance Evaluation I. MPEG-1 Streaming with CORP and UDP II. MPEG-1 Streaming with UDP only • Quality of Streaming Video (cont’d) • The average PSNR is 69.6 dB before MH’s handoff and 68.6 dB after MH’s handoff in (I) • MH could not play back MPEG-1 video stream correctly after handoff in (II) because of too high packet loss rate (0.6 Mbps)

  36. Conclusions • QoS guarantee for MPEG-1 streaming service in Mobile Internet • QoS guarantee mechanism with mobility support –CORP • Implementation of MPEG-1 streaming service over CORP • Streaming Video Quality Improvement • Significantly better PSNR values in both cases of using TCP and UDP when CORP mechanism is applied • MPEG-1 streaming with CORP and TCP provided the highest video quality in the experiments • Future work • Reduction in the packet loss during a handoff with CORP • Reduction in the packet loss over wireless links when UDP is used as a transport protocol

  37. References [1] B. Adamson, “The MGEN Toolset,” http://manimac.itd.nrl.navy.mil/MGEN, USA, 1999. [2]  S. Blake, D. Black, M. Carlson, E. Davies, Z. Wang, and W. Weiss, “An Architecture for Differentiated Services,” RFC 2475, IETF, 1998. [3]  R. Branden, L. Zhang, S. Berson, S. Herzog, and S. Jamin, “Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) – Version 1 Functional Specification,” RFC 2205, IETF, 1997. [4]  F. Cheong and R. Lai, “A study of the burstiness of combined MPEG video and audio bitstreams,” Computer Communications, 21(10), pp. 880-888, 1998. [5]  L. deCarmo, “Core Java media framework,” Prentice-Hall, 1999. [6]  W. Fenner, “Internet Group Management Protocol, Version 2,” RFC 2236, IETF, 1997. [7] D. L. Gall, “MPEG: a video compression standard for multimedia applications,” Communications of ACM, 34(4), pp. 46-58, 1991. [8]  R. Gordon, “Essential JNI: Java Native Interface,” Prentice-Hall, 1998. [9]  R. Gordon and S. Talley, “Essential JMF: Java Media Framework,” Prentice-Hall, 1999. [10] K. Lee, “A Method of Concatenation and Optimization for Resource Reservation Path (CORP) in Mobile Internet,” M.S. Thesis, ICU, 2000. [11] J. K. Ng, “A reserved bandwidth video smoothing algorithm for MPEG transmission,” Journal of Systems and Software, 48, pp. 233-245, 1999. [12] C. Perkins, “IP Mobility Support,” RFC 2002, IETF, 1996.

  38. References (cont.) [13] R. R. Pillai and M. K. Patnam, “A method to improve the robustness of MPEG video applications over wireless networks,” Computer Communications, 24, pp. 1452-1459, 2001. [14] S. C. Sullivan, L. Winzeler, J. Deagen, and D. Brown, “Programming with the Java Media Framework,” John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998. [15] A. K. Talukdar, B. R. Badrinath, and A. Acharya, “MRSVP: A Reservation Protocol for an Integrated Service Packet Network with Mobile Hosts,” Technical Report: DCS-TR-337, Rutgers university, USA. [16] C. Tseng, G. Lee, and R. Liu, “HMRSVP: a hierarchical mobile RSVP protocol,” Distributed Computing Systems Workshop, 2001 Int’l Conf. on, pp. 467-472, 2001. [17] “Dynamics – HUT Mobile IP,” http://www.cs.hut.fi/Research/Dynamics, Finland, 2001. [18] “Java Media Framework API Guide,” http://java.sun.com/products/java-media/jmf/index.html, Sun Microsystems, USA, 1999. [19] “Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications: Higher speed Physical Layer Extension in the 2.4 GHz Band,” IEEE Standard 802.11b, IEEE, USA, 1999.

  39. Selective Establishment of Pseudo Reservations (SEP) for QoS Guaranteesin Mobile Internet Kyounghee Lee and Myungchul Kim {leekhe, mckim}@icu.ac.kr

  40. Introduction • Mobile Internet environments • Frequent traffic path redirection due to host mobility • Poor communication characteristics • Higher error rate, lower bandwidth, etc. • General multimedia data characteristics • Intolerant to delay and jitter variance • Error-sensitive • Effects on multimedia steaming in mobile Internet • Latency and packet loss due to handoff • Entrance toward the congested network  delay & error increment •  Significant QoS degradation

  41. Introduction (cont’d) • QoS guarantees in wired Internet • Resource reservation • Focus on per-flow QoS (for the access networks) • Resource Reservation Setup Protocol (RSVP) [1] • Class-based packet scheduling • Focus on QoS for flow aggregates (for the core networks) • Differentiated service (DiffServ) [23], Multi-protocol Label Switching (MPLS) [24] • Mobility issues with RSVP • RSVP signal messages invisibility problem • Due to tunneling (packet encapsulation) between HA and FA • Reservation path invalidation

  42. Introduction (cont’d) • Conventional approaches on RSVP with mobility support • Suffer from excessive reservation requirements due to establishment of multiple advance reservations at all adjacent BSs [4, 5, 8, 10, 11] • Require considerable functional modifications in the existing Internet protocols and components [6, 7, 9] • Our goals • Supports seamless QoS guarantees in mobile Internet  Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) with mobility support • Addresses the excessive advance reservation requirements • Demands minimal changes in the current Internet environments

  43. Related Work • RSVP tunneling [3] • Packet re-structuring at mobile agents • RSVP signal message invisibility (O), RSVP path invalidation (X) • Mobile RSVP (MRSVP) [4, 5] • Passive reservations at all neighboring cells along a multicast tree  passive reservation functions on all routers in the network • MH is required to have prior knowledge of its mobility • MRSVP extensions • Mahadevan’s approach [8] • Passive reservations are established between BSs • Reservation path extension  infinite extension problem • Passive reservation functions should be equipped on all gateway routers

  44. Related Work (cont’d) • MRSVP extensions (cont’d) • Hierarchical MRSVP [9] • Solution for the excessive advance reservations • Passive reservation is established only for an inter-domain handoff • Considerable modifications on the existing Internet (RSVP tunneling & mobile IP regional registration [12]) • Chen’s approach [7] • Predictive reservation & temporary reservation • Paskalis’ approach [6] • Single contact IP address for a MH by dynamically translating between Local Care-of-Address (LCoA) and Domain CoA (DCoA) • Method only for the access networks • Low latency handoff support with Layer 2 (L2) functionality • Fast handoff mechanism [13] and Proactive handoff [14]

  45. Proposed Mechanism • Selective Establishment of Pseudo Reservations (SEP) • Pseudo reservation • Advance reservation in SEP • Established only between two neighboring BSs • Established in the same way as a normal RSVP session • SEP advantages • Movement detection scheme using L2 functionality  significant decrease in the number of required PRPs • Integrates all enhanced features into the leaf BS  fewer functional and structural changes in the existing network components • Reservation load balancing  efficient resource management (for future work) • Three major steps in SEP • Pseudo Reservation Path (PRP) establishment • Concatenation of Reservation path (CRP) process • Optimization for Reservation path (ORP) process

  46. CH CH CH BS_A BS_B BS_C BS_A BS_B BS_C BS_A BS_B BS_C Overall SEP Process 1. PRP establishment 2. Path extension 3. Path optimization (2) (1) (3) MH MH MH : Inactivated Pseudo Reservation Path (PRP) : Existing RSVP Session (1), Activated PRP (2), Optimized Reservation Path : Traffic forwarding

  47. Movement Detection • Movement detections in SEP • Detects a L2 beacon arrival from a neighboring BS • CRP_initiate message to notify the current BS of the movement • CRP_inform message to start a PRP establishment process

  48. CH CH BS_A BS_C BS_B BS_C BS_A BS_B CRP Process before a Handoff • When a MH is a sender 3.CRP_inform 4.RSVP path PRP 5.RSVP resv 2.CRP_init 1.L2 beacon MH MH (a) (b) Reservation path Inactivated PRP CRP-SEP & RSVP control flow

  49. CH CH BS_A BS_C BS_B BS_C BS_A BS_B CRP Process before a Handoff (cont’d) • When a MH is a receiver 3.CRP_inform 4.RSVP path PRP 5.RSVP resv 2.CRP_init 1.L2 beacon MH MH (a) (b) Reservation path Inactivated PRP CRP-SEP & RSVP control flow

  50. CH CH BS_C BS_A BS_B BS_C BS_B BS_A CORP-SEP Process after a Handoff PRP Activated PRP 1.CRP_activate MH MH (a) (b) Reservation path & Activated PRP Inactivated PRP Traffic forwarding CRP-SEP & RSVP control flow

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