Products of Biochemical Engineering - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Products of Biochemical Engineering

• Sumerians and Babylonians were brewing before 6000 BC (evidence in pyramids)
• Egyptians “let my people go” were baking before 4000 BC
• Distilleries? 14th C.

• vinegar for fries... acetic acid bacteria
• lactic acid to acidify milk... yogurt
• cheese to stabilize milk... bacteria and molds

• glycerol fermentation developed by german biochemist Carl Neuberg during WW1
• butanol/acetone fermentation developed by chemist Chaim Weizmann using Clostridium acetobutylicum

• folk medicine: moldy cheese, meat, bread, soybeans, grains
• Tyndall, Pasteur, Roberts noted antagonistic effects of one organism on another... 1870’s

• noted that Penicillium notatum contaminant killed culture of Staphylococcus aureus (1928)
• penicillin production reality in 1941

• prepared in highly dilute, impure and unstable solutions prior to WWII
• up to 1943, batch purification process that inactivated up to 65%
• Shell chemical engineers build pilot plant that processed 750 L broth/day with 85% recovery

• 1943 – 4,100 patients/month
• 1944 – 250,000 patients/month
• MIT chemical engineers built first production plant involving freeze drying technologies in 1942/43

• the superbug: td = 10 to 15 min

• bacteria
• molds (fungi)
• yeast (fungi)
• actinomycetes

• Procaryotes – nuclear region, single strand of ds-DNA
• bacteria, actinomycetes, blue-green algae
• Eucaryotes – nucleus, multiple chromosomes

• tissue culture: mammalian, insect...
• plant tissue culture

• Microbial cells
• Large molecules (104 – 106 daltons)
• Primary metabolites (essential for growth)
• Secondary metabolites (who knows why?)

• single cell protein
• yeasts used in brewing, baking

• cells used in bioconversion, biotransformation reactions
• ethanol --- acetic acid (Babylon, 5000 BC)
• isopropanol --- acetone
• sorbitol --- sorbose (manufacture of vit.C)
• steroid transformations
• fumarate --- malate

• enzymes as catalysts
• amylases in brewing, baking, textiles
• proteases in brewing, meat tenderizing, detergents, leather (rennin)

• ambient T and P (low energy)
• water solvent
• few side reactions (no by-products)
• highly specific for substrate
• high yields possible
• costly and can be unstable
• difficult to separate and reuse

High fructose corn syrup

corn starch (α1,4 glucose)

liquefaction (α-amylase)

soluble dextrins

(oligosaccharides)

saccharifaction (glucamylase)

glucose syrup

isomerization (glucose isomerase)

fructose syrup (50/50)

Credit where credit is due!

-amylase: Aspergillus, Bacillus

glucamylase: Aspergillus, Bacillus, Rhizopus

glucose isomerase: Bacillus, Streptomyces

• Xanthan from Xanthomonas campestris
• food additives as stabilizers, thickeners, emulsifiers
• drilling muds

• polysaccharide produced by Aureobasidium pullulans (fungus)
• edible and biodegradable films (low O2 permeability)

• amino acids: L-glutamic acid, L-lysine
• purine nucleotides: IMP (inosine 5’monophosphate)
• vitamins: riboflavin, B12
• organic acids: citric, gluconic, fumarate, malate
• solvents: ethanol, 2,3 butanediol

• antibiotics: bacitracin, erythromycin
• toxins: mycotoxins
• alkaloids
• growth factors
• pigments, flavours, fragrances

• Big Mac sauce: soybean oil, pickles, vinegar, water, sugar egg yolks, high fructose corn syrup, mustard, salt, xanthan, potassium sorbate, spice, soy, corn and wheat protein, EDTA

water, glucose-fructose,

citric acid, tea, lemon flavour

chicken broth, egg noodles, water

chicken, salt, chicken fat, corn starch

monosodium glutamate, onion,

yeast extract, spice, beta carotene,

garlic

sorbitol, water, silica, glycerin,

sodium alkyl sulfate,

polyethylene glycol-6, flavour,

xanthan, saccharin, triclosan,

carbopol 956, titanium dioxide,

sodium fluoride, tetrasodium

pyrophosphate

skim milk, field berries, skim milk, modified corn starch

natural and artificial flavours, gelatin, whey protein

Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus,

Lactobacillus acidophilus, pectin, potassium sorbate

sucralose (splenda), calcium lactate, malic acid

vitamin A, vitamin D3