Chapter 6 Cells & Cell Organelles Endomembrane Cells

1. Chapter 6 Cells & Cell Organelles Endomembrane Cells The Building Blocksof Life

2. Amoeba sisters intro cell grand cell tour • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8IlzKri08kk&index=7&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz • Specialized cell: significance and ex • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNe6RuK0FfA&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz&index=8

3. Learning Targets • I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells • I can draw a prokaryotic cell, a plant cell and an animal cell • I can identify the structure and function of the following • ribosomes • rough and smooth Endoplasmic reticulum • golgi apparatus • nucleus • nucleolus • vessicle • vacuoles • lysosomes • mitochondria • chloroplasts • I can identify organelles that are shared by plant and animals cells and those that are unique to plant and animal cells. • I can explain the importance of the surface area to volume ratio with regard to cell efficiency, and limitation to cell size. • I can predict and justify how a change in a cellular organelle would affect the function of the entire cell or organism.

4. Focus Questions • 1. What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? • 2. What are the organelles involved in the endomembrane system? • 3. What organelles are unique to plant and are unique to animal cells? • 4. What would happen to a cell that has nonfunctioning • ribosomes • golgiapparatus • endoplasmic reticulum • vesicles • nucleolus • Lysosomes • Mitochondria

5. The Cell Chapter 6 What you Must Know • Three differences between prokayotice and eukaryotic cells • The structure and function of organelles common to plant and animal cells • The structure and function of organelles found only in plant cells or only in animal cells • How different cell types show differences in subcellular components • How internal membranes and organelles contribute to cell functions • How cell size and shape affect the overall rate of nutrient intake and waste elimination

6. What you Must Know about Bacteria and Archaea (chapter 27) • The key ways in which prokaryotes differe from eukaryotes with respect to genome, membrane bound organelles, size, and reproduction • How horizontal acquisition of genetic information occurs in prokaryotes via transformation, conjugation and transduction • How these mechanism plus mutation contribute to genetic diversity in prokaryotes

7. The Men • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1600’s) • Credit for the first microscope • Looked at pond water and saw “wee beasties”

9. Robert Hooke • Observed plant stems, wood, and cork (1600’s) • Saw all the tiny chambers and called them CELLS • What cell part did Hooke observe? • Cell Wall

11. Robert Brown (1833) • Observed that cells had a dark structure within plant cells • Brown observed the nucleus

12. Matthias Schleiden (1838) • Stated that all plants are made of Cells • Made many observations of plants around the area

13. Theodor Schwann (1839) • Stated that all animals are made of Cells • Observed many animal tissues

14. Rudolf Virchow (1855) • Stated that all cells come from pre-existing cells • Cells arise from the division of pre-existing cells

15. Learning Targets • I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells • I can draw a prokaryotic cell, a plant cell and an animal cell • I can identify the structure and function of the following • ribosomes • rough and smooth Endoplasmic reticulum • golgi apparatus • nucleus • nucleolus • vessicle • vacuoles • lysosomes • mitochondria • chloroplasts • I can identify organelles that are shared by plant and animals cells and those that are unique to plant and animal cells. • I can explain the importance of the surface area to volume ratio with regard to cell efficiency, and limitation to cell size. • I can predict and justify how a change in a cellular organelle would affect the function of the entire cell or organism.

16. Cytology- study of cells • Anton Van Leewenhock first person to use high powered microscope (1600’s) • Robert Hook coined the term “cell” to describe the appearance of cork under microscope, observed cell wall (1665)

17. What you Must Know about Bacteria and Archaea (chapter 27) • The key ways in which prokaryotes differe from eukaryotes with respect to genome, membrane bound organelles, size, and reproduction • How horizontal acquisition of genetic information occurs in prokaryotes via transformation, conjugation and transduction • How these mechanism plus mutation contribute to genetic diversity in prokaryotes

18. The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things • All cells come from pre-existing cells

19. Exceptions to the Cell Theory • Viruses – are not cellular • Mitochondria and chloroplast – each contain genetic material and can reproduce

20. Exceptions to the Cell Theory • Viruses – are not cellular • Mitochondria and chloroplast – each contain genetic material and can reproduce

21. Studying Cells • The Diversity of Cells in the Human Body Figure 3-1

22. Studying Cells • Anatomy of a Representative Cell Figure 3-2

23. Cytology Techniques (depends on seeing cells) • 1. Light Microscopy • Maximum magnification- 1000X • Maximum resolution- 10 micrometers • 2. Electron Microscopy • Maximum magnification- 10,000,000X • Maximum resolution- 10 nanometers • Scanning EM (SEM)- 3 Dimensional component of specimen • Transmission EM (TEM)- Profiles a thin section of a specimen, resulting in various views of the cells prepared

24. Types of Light microscopy

25. Types of electron microscopy

26. Cytology Technique • 3. Cell Fractionation • Technique to isolate different components of cell for detailed study

27. Physical constraints on cell size Too small: can not fit all the stuff inside Too big: can’t exchange matter with the environment efficiently

28. Surface to volume ratio • Cell size limited by • structure as related to function • Metabolic requirements of cell • Ability of nutrients to pass through membrane in sufficient amounts • Smaller cell = larger Surface to Volume ratio = better transport of materials

29. Surface to volume ratio Cells have adapted to maximize surface area when material exchange needs to be maximized Ex: Lung alveoli (increase gas exchange) and plant root hairs (increase rate of absorption)

30. Surface area to volume ratio limits size Volume increase more rapidly than surface area. Cell size doubles, 8xas much volume, but only 4xas much surface area

31. Archaebacteria A subkingdom of bacteria, they survive in environments similar to those found on the young Earth: hot springs, sea vents releasing sulfide-rich gases, boiling muds around volcanoes, that sort of place. Example: Methanogens, Extreme Halophiles, Thermoacidophiles Eubacteria contains the bacteria commonly referred to as germs contains most of the world's bacteria Examples: Escherichia coli Archaebacteria and Eubacteria (Domains)

32. Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes (organisms)

33. Structure of bacteria (unicellular) • 1. Cell wall, Cell membrane, Cytoplasm same as other cells • 2.DNA - a single, circular chromosome located in the cytoplasm. • 3.Capsule - a thick, gel-like, protective coating. • 4.Pili - short, hair like protein structures on the surface of some bacteria that help them stick to host cells. • 5.Flagella - long protein structures that turn to propel some bacteria cells.

34. Structure of bacteria (Prokaryote)

35. Bacteria reproduction • 1. Binary fission (asexual) - the DNA replicates and then the cell pinches inward and splits in two. Horizontal acquisition of genetic information (transfer of genetic material between differ sources) • 2. Conjugation - two cells exchange DNA across a bridge formed between the cells. New material replaces old material in the cell. • 3. Transformation: bacteria take in plasmids (circular DNA) from the environment • 4. Transduction: bacteria acquire new DNA from a phage (virus)

36. Conjugation Transduction

37. Types of cells Prokaryote - no organelles bacteriacells EUKARYOTES- DOMAIN - organelles animal cells chemoheterotrophic plant cells photoautotrophic

38. Animal cell Bacterial cell Cell size comparison most bacteria • 1-10 microns eukaryotic cells • 10-100 microns • micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter • diameter of human hair = ~20 microns

39. LIMITS • Diffusion limits cell size • Movement from higher concentration to lower concentration • Larger the distance, slower thediffusion rate • A cell 20 cm would require months for nutrients to get to the center • DNA limits cell size • larger cells need more DNA…Needs more of everything! • Most cells have just one nucleolus

40. Why study cells? • Cells  Tissues  Organs  Bodies • bodies are made up of cells • cells do all the work of life!

41. The Work of Life • What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live… • “breathe” - gas exchange: CO2 vs. O2 • Eat- take in & digest food • Make energy– ATP (Adenosine Tri Phosphate) • build molecules • proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids • remove wastes • control internal conditions • respond to external environment • build more cells • growth, repair, reproduction & development ATP

42. Utility of membrane bound organelles • By enclosing parts of the cell in membrane, eukaryotic cells are able to specialize • Membrane isolate different area of the cell which allows the cell to have varied condition in different regions (differ pH, concentrations of differ molecules, etc) • Membrane provide surface for various reactions (ex: respiration & photosynthesis) • The specialization of cellular regions is what makes eukaryotic cells so much more complex than prokaryotic cells • Specialization is also a prerequisite for multicellular life. So many compartment so many options

43. Life of the Cell must do to stay alive • 1. Process matter: molecules need to be acquired, synthesized and digest • 2. Process energy: in order to process matter, energy must be provided • 3. Process information: instructions that enable the cell to process matter and energy must be interpreted by cellular system. Signals from the environment must also be interpreted

44. Many cell will also • 4. Reproduce: the information that runs the cell must be passed onto new generation of cells • 5. Communicate: cells respond to/direct other cells • CELLS HAVE SYSTEMS TO DO ALL OF THESE THINGS

45. Organelles • Organelles do the work of cells • each structure has a job to do • keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive Model Animal Cell

46. Proteins • Do most of the work for cells • Build molecules • Digest molecules • Carry out chemical reactions • Provide structure • Copy DNA& RNA • Receive and send messages to other cells • Instructions to build proteins are stored in DNA (genes) • organelles that do this work… • Nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) . Golgi apparatus

47. Proteins do all the work! one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because… proteins do all the work! structure enzymes signals receptors DNA Nucleus Proteins Ribosome cells

48. Central Dogma- the flow of genetic info from DNA to RNA to make a function product protein. DNA contain all the info to make protein and RNA carries the information to the ribosome (protein factory). Gene expression is transcription and translation