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Italian and German Expansion, 1933-1940

Italian and German Expansion, 1933-1940. Case Study #2. Italian Expansion, 1870-1933. Italy in 1815. What appears to be the state of Italy in 1815 according to the map?. Italian Unification. Occurs in 1861 (efforts of Cavour and Garibaldi)

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Italian and German Expansion, 1933-1940

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  1. Italian and German Expansion, 1933-1940 Case Study #2

  2. Italian Expansion, 1870-1933

  3. Italy in 1815 What appears to be the state of Italy in 1815 according to the map?

  4. Italian Unification • Occurs in 1861 (efforts of Cavour and Garibaldi) • Still divided across geographic, religious, and social lines • This, along with involvement in WWI, weakened the Italian government and caused civil unrest Guiseppi Garibaldi Camillo de Cavour

  5. People choose type of government • Open, free elections • Protection of individual rights Liberal Italy • Period between 1870 and 1923 • Weakness during this period facilitated the development of Fascism

  6. Lack of National Identity • Laws and politics of Piedmont were imposed on other states • Regionalism still powerful • Most support for gov’t found in industrialized areas North • Industrialized • Nationalist South • Rural • Regionalist

  7. The Catholic Church • Breakdown in relations between the State and the Church after unification • Worsened by anti-clerical policies • Catholics urged by the Vatican not to vote until 1914

  8. Working-class Protest • Politics dominated by middle- and upper-class • Liberal governments infamous for corruption and misrepresentation • Working-class protests and strikes grow in the 19th century • 1892- Italian Socialist Party (PSI) founded Red Week- July 1914

  9. Working-class Protest • Giovanni Giolitti- Prime minister from 1903-1914 • Moderate; wanted support of the masses • Electoral and welfare reform • Allow religious education in schools • Seizure of Libya in the Italian-Turkish War (1911-12) garnered criticism from the left • Two largest parties were PSI and Catholic Party after WWI

  10. Nationalist Opposition • Italian Nationalist Association founded in 1910 by Filippo Marinetti • Glorified war; criticized gov’t for failure in becoming a “Great Power” • Unification unfinished without Trentino and Trieste (belongs to Austria) • Also wanted an empire • Only minor gains in Africa • Humiliated by Abyssinia in 1896 after attempt at conquest

  11. Funeral of the Anarchist Galli, Carlo Carra (1910-11)

  12. Fascist Synthesis- Alessandro Bruschetti (1935)

  13. The Treaty of London, signed by Britain, France, Italy, and Russia on April 16, 1915 Article 4 By the future treaty of peace, Italy is to receive the district of Trentino; the entire Southern Tyrol up to its natural geographical frontier, which is the Bremner Pass; the city and district of Trieste; the Country of Groizia and Gradisca; the entire Istria Article 9 France, Great Britain and Russia admit in principle that fact of Italy’s interest in the maintenance of the political balance of power in the Mediterranean, and her rights, in case of a partition of Turkey, to a share, equal to theirs, in the basin of the Mediterranean Article 11 Italy is to get a share in the war indemnity corresponding to the magnitude of her sacrifices and efforts

  14. What is Fascism?

  15. Origin and Definition • No clear founding doctrine or manifestation in history • Commonly attributed to Giovanni Gentile • Fascism tends to include a belief in the supremacy of one national or ethnic group, a contempt for democracy, an insistence on obedience to a powerful leader, and a strong demagogic approach.

  16. What is Fascism Against? • Communism • Class struggle • Internationalism • Multi-party system • Liberal democracy • Pacifism

  17. Key Features of Fascism Nationalism Social Unity Militarism Authoritarian Social Darwinism

  18. Nationalism • Nation-state, its culture and history, as a unifying force • Desire to remove foreign influences • Own nation is superior to others

  19. Militarism • Political violence and war to as a means to revitalize society • Violence necessary for progress • Paramilitary organizations Italian Blackshirts

  20. Social Darwinism • Belief that races and nations have evolved as superior to others • “Survival of the fittest”

  21. Social Unity • Opposes class-based divisions in society • Promotes collective national society Workers assembly in an occupied Fiat factory, 1920

  22. Authoritarianism • Totalitarian • State has influence/control over all aspects of society • Strong leader or dictator • People are subservient to the state • “Obedience not discussion”- Benito Mussolini

  23. Militarism Authoritarianism To what extent does Japan during the 1930s resemble a fascist society? Fascism Nationalism Social Darwinism Social Unity

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