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Explore the causes of World War I in Europe and the events that led to the United States entering the war. Learn about the impact of trench warfare, submarine warfare, and the Russian Revolution. Discover how the US mobilized its economy, promoted patriotism, and dealt with threats to civil liberties during the war. Finally, witness the end of the war and the aftermath with the Spanish Influenza epidemic and the signing of the armistice.
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The US And WWI 3.4
M – Militarism A – Alliances (Central Powers & Allies) I – Imperialism N - Nationalism Causes of WWI in Europe July 28th, 1914 – WWI Begins
Trench Warfare Trench Warfare Trench footage
Submarine Warfare Lusitania, 1915 “U-Boats”
“Russian Revolution” = actually a series of revolutions Feb. 1917 - Tsar deposed & replaced w/ provisional govt. Oct. 1917 – Bolsheviks (socialists) led by Vladimir Lenin overthrow provisional govt. Bolshevik led govt. pulls out of WWI Civil war erupts, eventually Bolsheviks prevail and form the USSR in 1922 Communist government Russian Revolution
Zimmerman Note/ Telegram • From Germany to Mexican govt., intercepted Jan. 1917
? Reasons for American Entrance into WWI Neutrality of the seas/ Interference w/ trade Zimmerman Note To “make the world safe for democracy”
From Wilson’s Address to Congress, April 2nd, 1917 […] German submarine warfare against commerce is a warfare against mankind. […] It is a war against all nations. American ships have been sunk, American lives taken, in ways which it has stirred us very deeply to learn of, but the ships and people of other neutral and friendly nations have been sunk and overwhelmed in the waters in the same way. There has been no discrimination. […] Neutrality is no longer feasible or desirable where the peace of the world is involved and the freedom of its people, and the menace to that peace and freedom lies in the existence of autocratic governments backed by organized force which is controlled wholly by their will, not by the will of their people. […] The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of political liberty. We have no selfish ends to serve. We desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities for ourselves, no material compensation for the sacrifices we shall freely make. We are but one of the champions of the rights of mankind. We shall be satisfied when those rights have been made as secure as the faith and the freedom of nations can make them.
1917 – Selective Service Act U.S. army is only ~200,000 men when U.S. enters the war 24,000,000 men registered for the draft by the end of 1918. 4,800,000 Americans served in WWI (~2,000,000 saw active combat). 400,000 African-Americansserved in segregated units.
Gen. John J. “Blackjack” Pershing Leader of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) doughboys Arrive on Western Front (France) in large numbers in Summer, 1918
America on the Homefront
Govt. Organization of the Economy • Govt. created commissions to organize the economy to support the army • Ex: US Food Administration; US Fuel Administration; War Industries Board • A victory for Progressivism??
Liberty Bonds • Increase in federal spending • 1916 - $477 million • 1918 - $8,450 million • Financed with “Liberty Bonds” loaned by the new Federal Reserve
The Committee on Public Information (George Creel) • Government propaganda organization • Propaganda messages: • Pro-war • “Do your bit” • Anti-enemy • Selling American Culture.
New Economic Opportunities • Women • Blacks (“Great Migration”) • Beginnings of Mexican worker migration
Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans • Espionage Act– 1917 • anyone convicted of: • aiding the enemy • obstructing military recruiting • inciting rebellion in the military • was subject to fines of up to $10,000 and imprisonment for up to 20 years.
Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans • 2.Sedition Act– 1918 • made it illegal to speak against the purchase of war bonds or to “utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive language” against the U.S. government or the Constitution. • ~two thousand prosecutions (mostly anti-war socialists & IWW members)
Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans • 3.Schenck v. US– 1919. Court rules: • If an act of speech posed a clear andpresent danger, then Congress had the power to restrain such speech. • The most stringent protection of freespeech would not protect a man in falselyshouting fire in a theater and causing apanic.[Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes]
WWI Ends
Spanish Influenza Epidemic - 1918 January 1918 – December 1920 Killed between 50 and 100 million people; 1% – 3 % of the world's population at the time
Massive and successful Allied offensive in Spring & Summer of 1918 American troops arriving at a rate of 10,000/day Armies weakened from Flu Bulgaria and Ottoman Empires sign Armistice (Sept. 1918) German people revolt & proclaim Republic (Weimar Republic) Kaiser Wilhelm flees WWI Ends
11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed!
Wilson Georges Clemenceau David Lloyd George p. 705
I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view. II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants. III. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance. IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined. VI. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. Wilson’s Fourteen Points
VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired. VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all. IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development. XI. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into. XII. The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees. XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant. XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.
June, 1919 Harsh terms against Germans: Germans must accept responsibility for the war (“War guilt clause”) Germany must disarm Germany must pay reparations 132 billion Marks (then $31.4 billion, roughly equivalent to $442 billion in 2013) Includes League of Nations (Article X) Result = Germany is not pacified or rebuilt, but weakened. Treaty of Versailles
Henry Cabot Lodge Article X Controversy
