Samnite & Punic Wars

1. Samnite & Punic Wars Rome’s Greatest Wars

2. Last Time… • Brennus & the Senones (Gauls) • 390 BC • Rome sacked • Records lost

3. Samnite Wars 343-290 BC • Fought for controlof southern Italy • Romans first buildroads to the south

4. Battle of Caudine Forks – 321 BC • Samnites crush Roman phalanx • Romans forced under the yoke • Romans adopt maniple • Romans win the war & control southern Italy

5. Roman Maniple Greek Phalanx

6. Problems with Expanding • Carthage • Phoenician colony • “Punici” in Latin

7. The Punic Wars (264 B.C. to 146 B.C.)

8. 1st Punic War • 264 B.C. to 241 B.C. • In and around Sicily • Economic dominance

9. The Mamertines • Mercenaries hired by Agathocles of Syracuse • Capture Messana in 288, become raiders & pirates • Syracuse is upset, fights them and is winning • Mamertines ask for help from Carthage, then Rome

10. The Debate • Roman Viewpoints • Side with trolls who unjustly took a city? • Allow Carthage to expand its power and take over Sicily? • Decision: side with trolls • Starts out Rome/Mamertines vs. Carthage/Syracuse

11. Landing in Sicily • Romans relieve Messana & subdue Syracuse • Meanwhile, Carthage raises an army • Carthaginian Plan: hold onto key forts

12. Battle of Agrigentum – 261 BC • Romans besiege the fort • Carthaginians send relief • Romans get sick • Romans win, but Carthaginian army escapes • Result: Romans take over most of Sicily

13. What’s a navy? • Carthage – great sea power; Rome – not so much. • Quick adaptation – copying designs? Syracuse? • Solution: fight on land on water. • Corvus - raven • Battle of Mylae – 260 BC • Rome (90 ships) def. Carthage (130 ships) • First Roman naval victory • Stalemate on island for a few years

14. Let’s Invade Africa! • Battle of Cape Ecnomus – 256 • 330 Roman ships vs. 350 Carthaginian • Marcus Atilius Regulus • Defeats Carthage but asks too much • Carthage hires Xanthippus

15. Story of Regulus • 255 B.C. – Regulus vs. Xanthippus at Bagrades Valley • Xanthippus owns them • Captures Regulus & 500 • Romans win at Panormus • 251 BC • Regulus sent to Rome in 250 • Peace or hostages • Yeah, k, w/e • Regulus displays constantia (steadfastness, courage, awesomeness) • Dies like a boss

16. Things get tough • Romans rescue army but storm kills 90,000 • Carthaginians burn Agrigentum • Romans fail at Lilybaeum and Africa; storm 2.0 • Manage to win northern Sicily; focus on south

17. The War at Sea! • Battle of Drepana – 249 • Claudius Pulcher & Sacred Chickens • Stalemate on Land • Hamilcar Barca • Battle of Aegates Islands – 241 • Rome musters one more fleet • G. Lutatius Catulus defeats Hamilcar • Carthage can’t afford another fleet or a crew • First Punic War ends • Hamilcar blames lieutenant, lives

18. Hamilcar Barca • Goes to Spain • Defeats Spanish with mercenaries • Sons: Hannibal, Hasdrubal, Mago • Hannibal’s oath at nine years old • Barca – thunderbolt/lightning • Barcelona, Spain Hamilcar Barca. General for Carthage during the 1st Punic war, and father of Hannibal

19. Ebro River Treaty 226 B.C. • Carthage and Rome agreed that Carthaginian military operations are prohibited north of Ebro River • Romans can’t go south of the same river

20. Review 1 • What was Rome’s 1st war outside of Italy? • What was Regulus’ amazing example of Constantia? • What Roman admiral lost the battle of Drepana & Why? • Who was Carthage’s most outstanding general? • What oath did Hamilcar make his children swear?

21. Second Punic War218-202 B.C.

22. 221 B.C. • Carthaginian commander in Spain assassinated by a local • Hannibal assumes command at 25 years old • Consolidates Spain and marries a local

23. Siege of Saguntum – 219 B.C. • Saguntum – city south of Ebro River • “Friend” of Rome • pro-Roman v. pro-Carthaginian factions • Hannibal intervenes • R. Senate demands Hannibal

24. Hannibal’s revenge

25. Entering Italy • Fought through Southern Gaul • Crossed Alps • With elephants • Among hostile tribes & Roman allies • 26k men and 24 elephants survive

26. Battle of Ticinus River - 218 B.C. • Hannibal’s swift cavalry on the outside, armored inside • Battle is over before Romans can throw javelins • Roman consul Publius Cornelius Scipio is wounded, saved by his son • Future Scipio Africanus • Romans escape at night; betrayal by the Gauls • Romans fortify near Trebia River and wait for backup

27. Battle of the Trebia – Dec. 218 B.C. • Clastidium bribed for supplies • Roman backup arrives • Romans save some Gauls • Hannibal learns about Roman consul • Mago’s Ambush • Romans cold, sick, hungry, & surrounded • Massacre!

28. Battle of Lake Trasimene217 B.C. • Gaius Flaminius, new consul • Race to protect Rome • Hannibal cuts off camp from Rome • Lures into an ambush • Flaminius killed, army destroyed • Lake is red with blood • Those who survived enslaved

29. Quintus Fabius Maximus Dictator Cunctator • Elected dictator • Cunctator = Delayer • “Fabian” tactics employed in American Revolution • Avoid full-on battle • Hit foraging parties • Scorched Earth • Very unpopular at Rome

30. Battle of Cannae – 216 B.C. • Hannibal’s Double Envelopment strategy • 70,000 of 80,000 Romans killed • One of the consuls included • Many Italians defect • Greatest defeat in Roman history

31. Aftermath of Cannae • “Within just three campaign seasons (20 months), Rome had lost one-fifth (150,000) of the entire population of citizens over seventeen years of age.” • Philip V, King of Macedon, signs on (he’ll be sorry!) • Greek cities of Sicily joined Hannibal

32. The War Goes On • Hannibal remains in Italy • Romans send Publius Scipio (two of them) to Spain • Scipio family harasses Carthaginian supplies, defeats Hannibal’s brothers

33. The Turning Point • Hasdrubal crosses Alps • Fleeing from Spain • Battle of Metaurus R. • 207 B.C. • Hasdrubal Killed

34. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus • Sent to Spain with his father who died • Only 26 but put in charge • Conquered Spain • Def. Hasdrubal & Mago • Unanimously elected consul in 205 BC

35. Lead up to Zama • Scipio Invades Africa • Alliance with Numidians • Masinissa • Hannibal’s recall • Scipio & Hannibal meet

36. Battle of Zama 202 B.C. RomansCarthaginians 1 2 3 4

37. Settlement after Zama • Carthage stripped of all territory • Indemnity (payment that Carthage has to make to Rome) takes 50 years to pay off • Carthage cannot wage war without Roman consent

38. Hannibal after Zama • Economic reforms • Effective but unpopular • Flees to Syria and helps them vs. Rome • Hunted by Rome, turned over by Syria • Suicide in 182

39. Cato the Elder (234-149) • Conservative & rustic • Fought in 2nd Punic War • Visits Carthage as part of a diplomatic mission • Sees their prosperity • ‘Carthago delenda est’

40. The Third Punic War 149-146 • Massinissa & Numidians attack Carthage • Carthage fights back…big no-no! • Scipio Aemilianus

41. Roman Republic c. 146