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Fundamental Exam Review

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Fundamental Exam Review

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  1. Disclaimer: The material in these slides were developed over time and represents Dr. Holt’s personal views and approach to TOC. It is not the view of Washington State University nor TOCICO. It may be dated, incomplete or absolutely wrong. While the text and figures in this presentation are helpful to facilitate teaching and discussion of these topics, without the words that go with the slides, the presentation is not complete and may not even make sense. This material is made available in the public domain as a service. Individuals may use this material as resources to teach their own TOC review seminars as long as they give reference to the source. There is no promise nor expectation that these materials are either necessary or sufficient to pass any of the TOCICO certification exams. Anyone using these materials should continue to study from the many other sources of excellent TOC literature available. In many cases, common knowledge is included here without reference. If you would like to improve any of these files, please do so. Your contribution will be included in future postings. Dr Holt. The Theory of Constraints Fundamental Exam Review TOC Thinking Processes Segment James R. Holt, Ph.D., PE Professor Engineering & Technology Management jholt@wsu.eduhttp://www.engrmgt.wsu.edu/ © Washington State University-2010

  2. TOCICO Segmented Fundamentals Exam Fundamentals CertificateMultiple Choice Exam(Identify, Exploit, Subordinate, Elevate, Go to Step 1) Fundamentals Certificate of TOC Philosophy Fundamentals Certificate of TOC Thinking Processes FundamentalsCertificate of TOC Applications Fundamentals Certificate of TOC Finance & Measures • Inherent Potential • Inherent Simplicity • Inherent Win-Win • Five Focusing Steps • Three Questions • Conflict Cloud • Negative Branch • Ambitious Target • T, I, OE • PQ Type Problem • DBR • Project Management • Replenishment © Washington State University-2010

  3. Topics in TOC Thinking Process •        Cause and Effect •         Evaporating Cloud •         Surfacing Assumptions •         Invalidating Assumptions •         Negative Branch Reservation •         Overcoming Obstacles (PRT) •         Categories of Legitimate Reservation • Layers of Resistance © Washington State University-2010

  4. Sufficiency Logic Necessary Logic TOC Thinking Process Elements • Two types of Logic (in Natural Language) • If …, Then … . • In order to …, There must be … . • Logical Causality Tools used to Answer the three questions: • What to Change? • What to Change to? • How to Cause the Change? • TOC is a Systemic Thinking Process. • There are a set of rules to guide and check validity. • Could be called “Visual Thinking”. © Washington State University-2010

  5. Everyone Can Think • Goal: Lower the Ball yet keep it attached. Minimize: Y subject to: (X-1)^2+(Y-8)^2<=24(X-3)^2+(Y-8)^2<=14(X-5)^2+(Y-8)^2<=2(X-7)^2+(Y-8)^2<=22(X-9)^2+(Y-8)^2<=26 Y-> X-> © Washington State University-2010

  6. My View ofmy World The Real World © Washington State University-2010

  7. Thinking Time • We all think! It’s what we do! • Our minds are like CPUs. They keep on running and running and running … • We feel uncomfortable if we don’t have thoughts in our head. • That’s why junk TV still survives. • We feel uncomfortable if we start thinking the wrong thoughts • That’s why there are magazines in Doctor’s offices! © Washington State University-2010

  8. Thinking Experiment • Get out a pencil and paper. • Wait for the starting signal. • Then, Work really hard at not thinking for One Minute! GO! © Washington State University-2010

  9. QUICK! • Write down every thought you had in the last minute! • Jot down a word to catch the thought you had • Capture as many as possible. © Washington State University-2010

  10. In the production world, we would call recurring thoughts RE-WORK! How many of those thoughts have you had before? 40%, 60%, 80%? How Many Thoughts did you have in 1 Minute? Probable # 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 Number of thoughts © Washington State University-2010

  11. Improving our Mental Throughput • We need to increase our mental effectiveness • We need to tie together the stray pieces so we don’t have to deal with individual thoughts • We need to get the whole picture, solve it, and move on. © Washington State University-2010

  12. What is this? © Washington State University-2010

  13. Jonathan’s Family © Washington State University-2010

  14. Thinking Process Tools • The Basic Set of Thinking Process Tools Include: • Current Reality Tree • Evaporating Cloud • Future Reality Tree • Negative Branch Reservation • Pre-Requisite Tree • Transition Tree • Derivatives Tools: • Three Cloud Approach • Chronic Conflict • Layers of Resistance All of these tools are Scrutinized by the Categories of Legitimate Reservation. Thinking Process elements included in the Fundamentals Exam © Washington State University-2010

  15. For Fun…! • In order to understand the function and power of the Thinking Process Tools… • Let’s examine a Thinking Process Example. • One that is fairly well known by most people • One that is not well solved by most people Marital Strife © Washington State University-2010

  16. First the Approach: The Thinking Process What to Change? Find the cause of the UnDesirableEffects - UDEs. Change (Remove) the Core Problem. UDEs UDEs UDEs UDEs UDEs UDEs UDEs UDEs Arrows are Logical Connections are Tail  Head: “If …, Then … .” Core Problem © Washington State University-2010

  17. Assumptions that explain the necessary connection. Find What’s Blocking the Solution Arrows are Logical Connections are Head  Tail: “In Order to …, Must have ….” What to Change To? Necessary Condition Prerequisite Goal Injection that invalidates the assumption Necessary Condition Prerequisite Thinking Process elements included in the Fundamentals Exam © Washington State University-2010

  18. Achieving the Solution How to Cause the Change? DE DE DE DE DE DE Key Action DE DE Key Action Key Action © Washington State University-2010

  19. Marital Strife UnDesirable Effects Lack of Affection Lack of Trust One Carries Excessive Load Infidelity Frequent Disagreements Unequal Workload Little Support Lack of Compassion Difference of Opinion © Washington State University-2010

  20. Story - Trust 1. My spouse doesn’t come home when I expect him (her). This is happening more and more. The stories seem to be weaker and weaker. I want to trust my spouse. But I don’t want to be hurt. My spouse feels free from my bondage I trust my spouse at all times I feel good about my marriage I don’t trust my spouse I don’t get hurt Thinking Process elements included in the Fundamentals Exam © Washington State University-2010

  21. Story - Support 2. My spouse is deeply involved in ______. He/she expects me to support him/her by taking care of __________ while he/she is gone. I don’t mind doing it, but it leaves me little time for my own hobbies. My spouse can do his/her own thing Give lots of support We use our time well Give little support I have time for myself Thinking Process elements included in the Fundamentals Exam © Washington State University-2010

  22. Story-Workload 3. My spouse is in a stressful job and at a critical point in his/her career. It seems like this “critical point” is getting longer and longer. In the mean time, I have to do my job and hold down the domestic duties too! I survive my Job We balance our domestic workload We both Achieve My spouse gets ahead We have unequal workload Thinking Process elements included in the Fundamentals Exam © Washington State University-2010

  23. Generic Conflict(a consolidated Evaporating Cloud) 1. Spouse freedom2. Spouse does own thing3. Spouse gets ahead 1. Trust2. Support3. Unequal work 1. Feel Good2. Use Time Effective3. Achieve My spouse does what he/she wants My Spouse is Happy Happy Marriage My spouse doesn’t get what he/she wants I am Happy 1. Lack of Trust2. Lack of Support3. Balanced work 1. I’m not hurt2. Time for me3. I Survive Thinking Process elements included in the Fundamentals Exam © Washington State University-2010

  24. Core Problem What to Change? Core Conflict Often, my spouse takes second place I am often slighted We have different goals There is pressure to give my spouse does what he/she wants There is pressure not to give what he/she wants Our wants are different I have real needs The things my spouse wants are important to our marriage My Spouse needs to be happy I need to be happy We want a Happy Marriage My personal feelings are important I not happy unless my spouse is happy © Washington State University-2010

  25. The Current Reality TreeResults of the Core Conflict Infidelity Loss of trust Lack of Affection Lack of Compassion Lack of support Time continues Excessive burdens Frequent arguments Unequal workload Things need to be done Different Opinions Different people have different levels of importance We have different goals © Washington State University-2010

  26. A Potential Future Desirale Effects (DEs) We have complete confidence We have a close relationship We share our burdens We rarely disagree on important matters We share the workload Committed to each other We support each other We really understand each other Caring Relationship © Washington State University-2010

  27. Starting Injection My spouse and I share common goals, objectives and direction in the important aspects of our lives. © Washington State University-2010

  28. Start of the Future We are working towards our common goals/direction Spouse is working to our common goals I’m working to our common goals We have common goals, objectives and direction in the important aspects of our lives. My spouse works towards spouse’s goals I work toward my goals My Spouse needs to be Happy I need to be Happy My personal feelings are important We want a Happy Marriage I not happy unless my spouse is happy © Washington State University-2010

  29. More Actions Needed We have complete confidence We have a close relationship We share our burdens We share the workload We support each other We rarely disagree We really understand each other We have a Caring Relationship ? ? ? ? ? We are working towards our common goals/direction © Washington State University-2010

  30. A Possible Nice Future Reality Tree We have complete confidence in each other What to Change to? We share a common set of moral virtues We have a close relationship We share our burdens We share the workload We support each other We rarely disagree We really understand each other Caring Relationship We have good communication We realize we need each other to reach our common goals We are working towards our common goals/direction We make it a point to communicate (good & bad) © Washington State University-2010

  31. Negative Branch Reservation The Good Side The Bad Side My spouse’s goals are achieved. I can’t achieve my goals Most of my spouse’s goals are our common goals I’m working to our common goals I’m not working on my goals My goals take a lot of time My spouse works towards spouse’s goals I am very busy We have common goals, objectives and direction in the important aspects of our lives. Thinking Process elements included in the Fundamentals Exam © Washington State University-2010

  32. Negative Branch Reservation The Good Side The Bad Side My spouse’s goals are achieved. I feel good about my progress I can’t achieve my goals Most of my spouse’s goals are our common goals I work on our goals AND my goals I’m working to our common goals I’m not working on my goals My goals take a lot of time My spouse works towards spouse’s goals I am very busy We have common goals, objectives and direction in the important aspects of our lives. I work on things I value I finally prioritize my life Thinking Process elements included in the Fundamentals Exam © Washington State University-2010

  33. OK, Injections, But HOW?How to Cause the Change? Create the PreRequisite Tree (Ambitious Target Tree). We realize we need each other to reach our common goals Practice on this Injection We share a common set of moral virtues We make it a point to communicate (good & bad) I work toward my goals My spouse works towards spouse’s goals We have common goals, objectives and direction in the important aspects of our lives. I finally prioritize my life © Washington State University-2010

  34. We share a common set of moral virtues Obstacles Preventing Intermediate Objectives It’s a gray world out there. (I can’t tell right from wrong) We don’t want to change. Values change according to the circumstances. We have different backgrounds. Our desires differ. We both enjoy some moral indiscretions. Thinking Process elements included in the Fundamentals Exam © Washington State University-2010

  35. We share a common set of moral virtues Obstacles Preventing Intermediate Objectives It’s a gray world (can’t tell right from wrong) We don’t want to change Values change according to the circumstances We have different backgrounds Our desires differ We both enjoy some moral indiscretions We agree on common virtues We are willing to work on this We agree on a common virtues We really know each other We share a set of common goals We live our set of virtues in all cases Thinking Process elements included in the Fundamentals Exam © Washington State University-2010

  36. Sequencing the solution(Structure of the PRT) Thinking Process elements included in the Fundamentals Exam We share a common set of moral virtues We enjoy our indiscretions We live our set of virtues in all cases Its hard to tell right from wrong Our desires differ We agree on a common virtues We are different We share a set of common goals We don’t know each other We really know each other We really communicate We don’t talk much We don’t want to admit error We subordinate ourselves to each other We recognize our own frailties © Washington State University-2010

  37. Putting the Intermediate Objectives Into Place • The PreRequisite Tree exposed the Intermediate Objectives (Milestones) needed for “How to Cause the Change?” • But, How to We actually Get there? • How will, ‘We Really Communicate’? • For this, the Transition Tree gives the Step-by-Step Approach to getting there. We really communicate We don’t talk much We don’t want to admit error We subordinate ourselves to each other We recognize our own frailties © Washington State University-2010

  38. Working Upwards on a Transition Tree We recognize (more and more of) our own frailties <feed back loop from up above> Spouses can be a significant help and support for dealing with problems We, each, admit (confidentially) to some of our problems that we wish to eliminate We generally know about each other’s mistakes that we try to hide We want to improve There are (and should be) few secrets between spouses We, each of us, try to hide our mistakes Mistakes are inevitable We are mortal We really communicate We don’t want to admit error We don’t talk much We want others to respect us People rarely respect people who make a lot of mistakes We subordinate ourselves to each other We recognize our own frailties © Washington State University-2010

  39. Working Upwards on a Transition Tree We subordinate ourselves (more and more) to each other <feed back loop from up above> We, each, accept we will do more things for each other than we are currently doing We need cooperation (give and and take) from both sides Real love comes from sacrificing self for the benefit of others. We want to improve It is easier to love when loved. We need to resolve some problems on both sides Mistakes are inevitable We are willing to do some things that show love to our spouse Our marriage has some strife caused by each of us. We really communicate We desire to love each other even more than we do now We don’t want to admit error We don’t talk much We Loved each other in the past We both have made some mistakes We recognize our own frailties We subordinate ourselves to each other © Washington State University-2010

  40. Working Upwards on a Transition Tree We are very patient and listen without judgment. We really communicate (more and more) <feed back loop from up above> We subordinate ourselves (more and more) to each other Neither of us dominates the discussion (for too long) We talk frequently about our successes together We talk frequently about our challenges We dedicate time to spend with each other We each mention three good things that are happening in our lives We need to talk more We each mention three problems that we want to improve. We really communicate We don’t want to admit error We both have topics of interest to each other We don’t talk much We recognize more and more) of our own frailties We want to improve We subordinate ourselves to each other We recognize our own frailties We don’t talk much © Washington State University-2010

  41. Working Upwards on a Transition Tree We really communicate (more and more) We each mention three good things that are happening in our lives We each mention three problems that we want to improve. We are very patient and listen without judgment. We, each, admit (confidentially) to some of our problems that we wish to eliminate We dedicate time to spend with each other We really communicate We don’t want to admit error We don’t talk much We subordinate ourselves to each other We recognize our own frailties © Washington State University-2010

  42. S. Trust Each Other S. Marital Bliss S. Get Along S. Focus on the Other T. Have Common Goals T. Love Each Other T. Accept Each Other T. Share Moral Code S. Spouse Loves Me T. Take Actions to cause Spouse to love me The Strategic/Tactic Plan for Marriage Communication Fidelity Shared Responsibility Forgiveness Work at Marriage © Washington State University-2010

  43. The Evaporating Cloud B. My Need D. What I Want A. The Goal C. Other’s Need D’. What the Others Want Thinking Process elements included in the Fundamentals Exam © Washington State University-2010

  44. Creating the Evaporating Cloud 1. What is it that I Want (that I’m having trouble getting)? D. What I Want © Washington State University-2010

  45. Creating the Evaporating Cloud 1. What is it that I Want (that I’m having trouble getting)? D. What I Want D’. What the Others Want 2. What is it that the Others Want (that I don’t want them to have)? © Washington State University-2010

  46. Creating the Evaporating Cloud 1. What is it that I Want (that I’m having trouble getting)? 3. Why do I want what I want? What Need am I trying to fulfill? B. My Need D. What I Want D’. What the Others Want 2. What is it that the Others Want (that I don’t want them to have)? © Washington State University-2010

  47. Creating the Evaporating Cloud 1. What is it that I Want (that I’m having trouble getting)? 3. Why do I want what I want? What Need am I trying to fulfill? B. My Need D. What I Want C. Other’s Need D’. What the Others Want 4. Why do the Others want what they want? What Need do they have? 2. What is it that the Others Want (that I don’t want them to have)? © Washington State University-2010

  48. Creating the Evaporating Cloud 1. What is it that I Want (that I’m having trouble getting)? 3. Why do I want what I want? What Need am I trying to fulfill? B. My Need D. What I Want 5. What Goal do we mutually share? Why are we still arguing? A. The Goal C. Other’s Need D’. What the Others Want Reading the Cloud:In order to <point> I must have <tail>. 4. Why do the Others want what they want? What Need do they have? 2. What is it that the Others Want (that I don’t want them to have)? © Washington State University-2010

  49. Communicating the Evaporating Cloud 5. And you WANT to meet your Need as well. 4. Point out that you also have a significant Need. B. My Need D. What I Want 1. Start the Mutual Goal. It is common ground. Both interested. A. The Goal C. Other’s Need D’. What the Others Want Reading the Cloud:In order to <point> I must have <tail>. 2. Recognize you understand the Other’s Need must be meet to reach the Goal. 3. Acknowledge the Other side Wants to act on meeting their Need. © Washington State University-2010

  50. Let’s Do Some Examples B. Why I Want It D. What I Want (to do) A. The Goal C. Why the Other Side Wants What They Want D’. What the Other Side Wants Thinking Process elements included in the Fundamentals Exam © Washington State University-2010

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