Prepared by O.Sopel

1. The lecture Hygienic description of physical, chemical and biological factor of production environment Prepared by O.Sopel

2. THE PLAN • Hazards and their prevention    • Noise, it’s influence of human organism in industry. • Vibration , it’s influence of human organism in industry. • Ultraviolet radiation • Dust, it’s influence of human organism in industry • The industrial microclimate. Exposure to heat and cold.

3. Noise, it’s influence on human organism in industry

4. Noise - "Wrong sound, in the wrong place, at the wrong time.“ Man is living in an increasingly noisy environment. The 20th century has been described as the "Century of Noise". Noise has become a very important 'stress' factor in environment of man.

5. Physical characterization of main parameters Amplitude ( m) h Sound pressure ( Н/m2 ) P Sound Power (intensity) ( Wt/m2 ) I

6. 1 Тсек = Time f 1 Frequency (Hz ) f = 1/sек Т м Wave ג m/sек С m/sек ג m = = = = Hz f 1/sек С = 334 m/sек ג — Wavelenght С — Frequency of noise in air

7. Properties of Noise 1. FREQUENCY Human ear can hear frequencies from 16 – 20 000 Hz. Infra audible : Sounds below 16 Hz Ultra sonic : Sounds above 20,000 Hz On frequency distinguish noise of low frequency (16… 350 Hz), middle-frequency (350… 800 Hz) and high frequency (more than 800 Hz). 2. LOUDNESS It is measured in decibels (dB). It depends upon amplitude of vibrations, which initiated noise. A daily exposure up to 85 dB is about the limit people can tolerate without substantial damage to their hearing.

8. Interference of sound 1 ― strengtheningof sound 2― weakeningof sound 1 2 • • • 2 Diffraction of sound

10. Noise In information theory In physics In acoustics a subjective term noise is a sound vibrations of a different frequency and different loudness “white” noise consists of all audible frequencies, just as white light consists of all visible frequencies the term designates a signal that contains no information Noise is referring to any unwanted sound

11. Acceptable Noise Levels RESIDENTIAL: Bed room - 25 dB Living room - 40 dB COMMERCIAL : Office - 35-45 dB Conference - 40-45 dB Restaurants - 40-60 dB INDUSTRIAL : Workshop - 40-60 dB Laboratory - 40-50 dB EDUCATIONAL: Class room - 30-40 dB Library - 35-40 dB HOSPITALS: Wards - 20-35 dB (45dB )

12. Decibel Scale

13. Deafness, • most simply defined as an inability to hear. • Four types of hearing loss may be described. • conductive hearing loss, • sensorineural hearing loss, • mixed hearing loss, • central hearing loss • Continuous or frequent exposure to noise levels above 85 dB can cause a progressive and eventually severe sensorineural hearing loss.

14. Industrial Noise A number of industrial operations generate noise. Stamping metal into auto fenders, punching holes into metal plates, riveting plates together, and crashing different materials all produce impact noise, and grinding and drilling metal produce continuous noise. Rapid air motion caused by jets of air, blowers, and fans, and vibration of equipment also cause noise. Although industrial noise mainly affects workers in the industry, some of this noise also reaches nearby homes.

15. Most hearing loss occurs in workplaces, where workers may be unable to avoid unhealthy noise, and where exposure may continue for years. Factory workers musicians firefighters construction workers police officers farmers military personnel

16. EFFECTS OF NOISE EXPOSURE • The effects of noise exposure are of two types : • auditory and non-auditory. • 1. AUDITORY EFFECTS • Auditory fatigue : It appears in the 90dB region and greatest at 4000 Hz. It may be associated with whistling & buzzing. • Deafness : Temporary deafness appears in frequency range of 4,000-6000 Hz. It disappears after sometime. • Permanent deafness appears after repeated or continuous exposure to noise around 100 dB. Exposure to noise above 160 dB may rupture tympanic membrane

17. 2. NON - AUDITORY EFFECTS: a) Interference with speech: Noise interferes with speech communication. The frequencies causing most disturbances to speech lie in 300-500 Hz range. b)Annoyance: This is primarily a psychological response. c)Efficiency of work: Efficiency of work decreases because there is loss of concentration due to noise. d)Physiological changes: A number of physiological changes occur due to noise, they are : •         Increase in blood pressure •Increasein intracranial pressure •Increase in heart rate •Increasein breathing rate •         Increased sweating e)General effects Nausea, vomiting, giddiness and fatigue may also occur. Sleep is also disturbed by noise.

18. Noise makes conversation difficult, interferes with some kinds of work, headache, tiredness, loss of memory and appetite, and disturbs sleep. Noisy disease is a general illness of an organism with such symptoms as damage of hearing organ cardiovascular problems, high blood pressure nervous disorders

19. Noise Control Methods • Level of noise can be controlled and changed in some ways. • Substitution of a quieter machine design, process, or material may be an easy and effective means of eliminating or reducing a noise problem. • Forces that cause vibration can sometimes be isolated by mounting the equipment on springs or resilient materials such as rubber and by using flexible connections. • If noise cannot be reduced to acceptable levels in industry, personal protection or special design considerations may be necessary.

20. NOISE CONTROL While noise cannot be totally eliminated, much can be done to reduce it. 1. Control at source 2.Control of transmission 3.Protection of exposed people .

21. Vibration , it’s influence of human organism in industry.

22. Vibration is characterized by: • frequency (Hz) - (one oscillation for one second) • amplitude (m) - (maximal deviation of body from position of stable balance) • Its derivatives on time – • vibrospeed (m/sec) • vibroacceleration (m /sec2) As criteria for hygienic estimation and normalizations of vibration are applied vibrospeed or vibroacceleration as changes in an organism under the influence of vibration depend on the quantity of energy of the fluctuations transmitted to an organism which, in turn, is proportional to a square of oscillatory speed or oscillatory acceleration.

23. Vibration, especially in the frequency range 10-500 Hz, may be encountered in work with pneumatic tools, such as drills, hammers, and chisels, in mines, quarries, foundries or the machine industry, or with other machines, such as those used in the shoe industry, and motor saws in forestry.

24. Vibration local is transferred to hands of the working at contact to the vibrating tool or the equipment general Is transferring on a body of the sitting or worth person through basic surfaces (a seat, a floor, a working platform)

25. Vibration is constant (vibrospeed changes less than 6 dB for 1 minute) changeable(changes of the vibrospeed more than 6 dB for 1 minute) To changeable vibrations concern: varying in time (the level of the vibrospeed continuously changes) faltering (contact of the operator to vibration interrupts and makes more than 1sec) pulse (one or several vibrating influences by duration less than 1 seс)

26. The prevention of Vibration • The prevention measures of decline of influencing of vibration on an organism include: • technological processes (automation of remote control, creation of machines with vibroisolation facilities) • rational regime of labour (time of contact with vibration makes a 20-30% working change, 2 breaks for active rest) • individual facilities of protection (specific gloves and shoes) • periodic medical control

27. Ultraviolet radiation In industry workers are affected by ultraviolet rays with the length less than 280 nm. Occupational exposure to ultraviolet radiation occurs mainly in arc welding. Such radiation mainly affects the eyes, causing intense conjunctivitis and keratitis (welder's flash.) Symptoms are redness of the eyes and pain; these usually disappear in a few days.

28. Dust, it’s influence of human organism in industry

29. Classification of a dust I. For the origin the dust is divided into three groups: 1) Organic (-Vegetative: wood, plans, tobacco, cotton, Cane fibre -Animal: Hay or grain dust);   2) Inorganic (-Mineral: Quartz, Coal, Silica, Asbestos, - Metal: Iron and other ); 3) Mixed (artificial, plastic). II. Froom dispersing into two groups:   1) Aerosol of disintegration 2) Aerosol of condensation III. For the size: 1)  Visible – the size of speck of dust is more than 10 micrometer, 2)  Microscopic – the size is 10 - 0,25 micrometer, 3) Ultramicroscopic – the size is less than 0,25 micrometer

30. Dust influences on: - System of breath and causes such specific illness -pneumoconiosis, pneumonias, chronic bronchitis, and not specific illness such us: cancer, tuberculoses; -        - On skin; - On eyes.

32. The hazardous effects of dusts on lungs depends upon a number of factors, such as a) Chemical composition b) Size of particle c) Concentration of dust in air. d) Period of exposure e) Health status of workers

35. Forms of pneumoconioses are: — Anthracosis -Coal dust — Silicosis - Silica — Asbestosis - Asbestos — Siderosis – Iron — Bagassosis - Cane fibre --Byssinosis - Cotton dust — Tobacossis - Tobacco — Farmer's lung - Hay or grain dust

36. Silicosis.Lung tisse Легенева тканина.

37. Fibrosis of lung

38. Anthracosis Coal worker's pneumoconiosis, also known as black lung disease or anthracosis, is caused by inhaling coal dust for prolonged periods, usually at least 10 years. Coal worker's pneumoconiosis is much more common in miners of anthracite coal than in miners of bituminous coal.

39. Prevention Prevention is the best course of action. Wear a dust mask and take other steps to prevent exposure to the dust if man is working in an occupation that puts at risk of developing one of these diseases. In addition, do not smoke.

42. ASBESTOS • Symptoms: • •   Chest pain • •   Shortness of breath • •  Decreased exercise tolerance • Cough

43. Asbestos exposure may cause asbestosis(a form of interstitial fibrosis or pneumoconiosis), mesothelioma(a cancer of the lining of the lung or abdomen), or lung cancer.

44. The industrial microclimate

45. Microclimate of industrial premises consists of meteorological conditions in a working zone, which are defined by the influencing on an organism of the person by combinations of temperature, humidity and speed of movement of air, and also temperatures of environmental surfaces and a thermal irradiation. As a working zone is meant the space limited to protecting designs, in height up to 2 m above a level of a floor or a platform on which there are places constant (more than 50 % working hours or more than 2 hrs continuously) or changeable stay working.

46. Parameters of a microclimate measure • in cold (the daily average temperature of external air +10 °С and is lower) • in warm (the daily average temperature is higher +10°C) • periods of year within one day in the beginning, middle and the end of a labour shift.

47. OCCUPATIONAL POISONS

48. POISONING • Lead • Mercury • Phosphorus • Arsenic • Chromate

49. Maximum admitted concentration of lead and its inorganic compounds in air is 0, 01 mg/m3. Maximum admitted concentration mercury in air of a working zone is 0,01mg/m3

50. Poisonous Gases and Fumes. • Carbon dioxide, CO2 • 2. Carbon Monoxide, CO • 3. Carbon Bisulphide, CS2 • 4. Sulphuretted Hydrogen, H2S. • 5. Sulphur Dioxide Poisoning, SO2 • 6. Arseniuretted Hydrogen or Arsine, AsH3 • 7. Chlorine (Cl) and Hydrochloric Acid Gas (HCL). • 8. Ammonia, NH3 • 9. Benzene. • 10. Aniline.