Chapter 30

1. Chapter 30 Striving For Independence India, Africa & Latin America

2. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947 • The Land and the People • Monsoons • Agriculture depended on monsoons - Able to support huge populations • 1896-1900 monsoons failed - 2 million died from starvation

3. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947 2. Population growth • 250 million in 1900 • 319 million in 1921 • 389 million in 1941 • Cities became crowded with unemployed • Less land available for peasant farmers

4. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947 3. Divided People • Many different native languages • English became medium of communication from middle and upper classes • Hinduism divided the people into hundreds of castes • ¼ of the population was Muslim

5. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947 B. British Rule & Indian Nationalism • British Rule • Colonial India ruled by a viceroy • appointed by British gov’t • Administered by the Indian Civil service - Mostly British - Efficient and honest

6. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947 2. India’s Economy • Economy modernized to benefit the British • Railroads, harbors, telegraphs and irrigation • Increased foreign trade & British control • Discouraged cotton & steel industries, training of Indian engineers - Protect British industry

7. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947 3. Race and Nationalism • India’s middle class received European education - Freedom, representative government • Discovered racial quotas limited opportunities for Indians in Civil Service and officer corps • Indian National Congress formed (1885)to gain access to administrative positions, voice in government • Muslims, fearful of Hindu dominance, founded the All-India Muslim League in 1906 - giving India not one, but two independence movements.

8. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947 4. Industrialization and Nationalism • The British resisted the idea that India could or should industrialize, • PramathaNath Bose of the Indian Geological Service and Jamseji Tata, a Bombay textile magnate, established India’s first steel mill in Jamshedpur in 1911. • Jamshedpur became a powerful symbol of Indian national pride.

9. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947 5. War and Nationalism • 1.2 million Indians volunteered to serve British army in WWI • British made vague promise of self government • The influenza epidemic of 1918–1919 killed millions of Indians - Added to political tension • British general ordered his troops to fire into a crowd of 10,000 demonstrators (1919).

10. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947 C. Mahatma Gandhi and Militant Nonviolence • Mohandas K. (Mahatma) Gandhi (1869–1948) • English-educated lawyer who practiced in South Africa • Joined the INC during WWI. • Gandhi’s political ideas included ahimsa (nonviolence) and satyagraha(the search for truth).

11. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947 • Image • Gandhi dressed and lived simply • Reached out to the poor, the illiterate, and the outcasts • transformed the cause of Indian independence from an elite movement to a mass movement with a quasi-religious aura.

12. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947 • Protest • Gandhi’s brilliant political tactician and master of public relations • 80 mile “Walk to the Sea” to make salt (1929) • in violation of the government’s salt monopoly • Hunger Strikes to protest police violence and to demand independence • Repeated arrests and prison sentences. - Spent a total of 6 years in prison

13. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947 D. India Moves Toward Independence • Beginnings of Self Rule • In the 1920s the British slowly and reluctantly began to give Indians control of areas such as education, the economy, and public works. • High tariff barriers were erected behind which Indian entrepreneurs were able to undertake a degree of industrialization • this helped to create a class of wealthy Indian businessmen • looked to Gandhi’s designated successor in the Indian National Congress–Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964)–for leadership.

14. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947 • WWII • Divided the Indian people • Indians contributed heavily to the war effort - 2 million soldiers, natural resources • the Indian National Congress opposed the war - “Quit India” campaign

15. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947 E. Partition and Independence • Division • Muslim League’s leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948) demanded that Muslims be given a country of their own • Pakistan. • Mutual animosity between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League led to the partition of India into two states - India and Pakistan (1947).

16. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947 • Violence and Migrations • Partition and independence were accompanied by violence between Muslims and Hindus - 500,000 killed • massive flows of refugees • Hindus left predominantly Muslim areas • Muslims left predominantly Hindu areas. • 12 million refugees • Gandhi assassinated by Hindu refugee in 1948

17. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947 4. India vs. Pakistan • Dispute over the region of Kashmir • Majority of residents Muslim • Strategically important - Foothills to Himalayas - Headwaters to rivers that irrigated millions of acres of farms • Several wars were fought over control Kashmir in 20th century