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Organic Chemistry (or the molecules of life!)

Organic Chemistry (or the molecules of life!). Compounds containing Carbon are called Organic Compounds. Make up Living Things ! Primary elements in organic compounds are CARBON & Hydrogen , & less frequently, elements Oxygen & Nitrogen Hydrocarbons contain ONLY Carbon & Hydrogen

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Organic Chemistry (or the molecules of life!)

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  1. Organic Chemistry (or the molecules of life!)

  2. Compounds containing Carbon are called Organic Compounds • Make up LivingThings! • Primary elements in organic compounds are CARBON & Hydrogen, & less frequently, elements Oxygen & Nitrogen • Hydrocarbons contain ONLY Carbon & Hydrogen • What makes Carbon special???

  3. What’s Special about Carbon? • 4 electrons in outer shell which allows it to form 4 strong covalent bonds • Forms single (-), double (=) or triple bonds • Able to form linear, branched, or circular molecules

  4. Able to bond with itself and/or other atoms like: • Hydrogen • Oxygen • Nitrogen • Phosphorous • MOST of the elements of biomolecules! • Make the simplest organic molecule: CH4

  5. Carbon Bonding • Some carbon molecules have the SAME chemical formula, but DIFFERENT structural formulas (and different properties!). What does this mean???

  6. Chemical Formula lists the number and types of atoms in each molecule; Structural Formula shows the arrangement of atoms • Pentene (C5H10)

  7. Propane Ethane Length. Carbon skeletons vary in length.

  8. Butane Isobutane Branching. Skeletons may be unbranched or branched.

  9. Every table make 2 DIFFERENT Butene: • (1 double bond; C4H8)

  10. Here are 2 possible versions- did any groups make a different molecule? 1-Butene 2-Butene Double bonds. Skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location.

  11. Cyclohexane Benzene Skeletons may be arranged in rings. Rings.

  12. DIFFICULT TO BUILD IN THREE DIMENSIONS??? Biological compounds are often called macromolecules because of their large size, especially biopolymers. They may be easier to work with in two dimensions

  13. BIOCHEMICALS

  14. Describe this molecule. What is the chemical formula?

  15. Describe these molecules. How do they differ from the LAST slide?

  16. How is this molecule different?

  17. What did all 3 groups of structures have in common? • How were they different? • Where do you think we find these structures?

  18. What is BIOCHEMISTRY?? • The study of the chemicals associated with living things • How living things “work” on an atomic and molecular level

  19. What are the main food groups??? • How does your answer relate to biochemistry?

  20. The 4 major groups of Biochemicals: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

  21. What are the key elements in Biomolecules? • Atoms involved in ALL biomolecules are Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Some molecules also contain Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and/or Sulfur

  22. Organic Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates - sugars C H20 • Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio GLUCOSE is an important source of energy for living things. C6H12O6 Is the ratio 1:2:1???

  23. Organic Biological Molecules • Lipids – “fats” • Always have more than two hydrogen atoms for every oxygen atom. TRIGLYCERIDE glycerol glycerol glycerol

  24. Organic Biological Molecules • Proteins – made of amino acids • Look for Nitrogen!

  25. Organic Biological Molecules • Nucleic Acids – made of nucleotides • Comprised of a sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

  26. What did you learn about Carbon Compounds last year? • Remember polymers (ie the plastic bag experiment?)??? • What unit is linked together to make POLYMERS?

  27. Carbon Compounds, cont. • MONOMERS! • Monomer: SMALL molecule that may become chemically bonded to other small molecules to form a polymer • Polymer: Term used to describe LARGE molecules of repeating structural units (monomers) connected by covalent bonds

  28. Plastics, cont….. • Polyethylene & other plastics • A hydrocarbon (only contains C & H)

  29. How are the 4 groups of biochemicals made? • Each group is made by linking specific MONOMERS to form very large POLYMERS!! • The process requires energy and is called Dehydration Synthesis. • What does the word “Dehydrate” make you think of?

  30. How are biomolecules MADE? • Small monomers join to form polymers!!! = polymer + monomer monomer H2O DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

  31. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS A chemical reaction that occurs between two biomonomers to make a biopolymer H2O is removed from the 2 molecules as they are joined by a bond EXAMPLE: glucose + fructose join to form disaccharide Sucrose

  32. How are biomolecules MADE? • Small monomers join to form polymers!!! = SUCROSE + FRUCTOSE GLUCOSE H2O DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

  33. How are bonds broken in biopolymers to release the monomers? • When we eat, we take in biopolymers. Our body needs to break the bonds to release the monomers for our bodies to use to build new molecules. • What do we call this reaction? • Hydrolysis!

  34. How are biomolecules BROKEN DOWN? • Polymers are broken down into monomers that the body can use!!! FRUCTOSE = + GLUCOSE SUCROSE HYDROLYSIS H2O

  35. HYDROLYSIS This is a reaction that adds water to a biopolymer to break the bond that joins them and form smaller molecules EXAMPLE: disaccharide breaks down to glucose + fructose (hint…add 2 H’s and an O to restore your two sugar molecules)

  36. GLUCOSE: build a Disaccharide! C6H12O6

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