Writing Practice

Writing Practice 张健

高考书面表达评分标准 一、评分原则： 1.本题总分为25分，按5 个档次给分。 2.评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量，确定或调整档次，最后给分。 3.词数少于80和多于120的，从总分中减去2 分。

4.评分时，应注意的主要内容为： 内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确。 5. 拼写与标点符号是语言正确性的一个方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。 6. 如书写较差，以至影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。

二. 各档次的给分范围和要求 第五档（很好）：（21-25分）完全完成了试题规定的任务。 ★覆盖所有内容要点。 ★应用较多的语法结构和词汇。 ★语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；具备较强的语言运用能力。 ★有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。完全达到了预期的写作目的

第四档（好）：（16-20分） 完全完成了试题规定的任务。 ★虽漏掉了一两个次重点,但覆盖所有主要内容。 ★应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。 ★语法结构或词汇方面应用基本准确，些许错误主要是因为尝试复杂语法结构或词汇所致。 ★应用简单的语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。达到了预期的写作目的

第三档：（一般）（10-15分） 基本完成了试题规定的任务。 ★虽然漏掉一些内容，但覆盖所有的主要内容 ★应用的语法结构或词汇能满足任务的要求 ★ 有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误，但不影响理解 ★ 应用简单的语句间连接成分，使全文内容连贯整体而言，基本达到了预期的写作目的

第二档：（差）（5-10分） 未恰当完成试题规定的任务 ★漏掉或未描述清楚一些主要内容，写了一些无关内容 ★语法结构单调，词汇项目有限 ★有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响了对写作内容的理解 ★较少使用语句间的连接成分，内容缺少连贯性信息未能清楚的传递给读者

第一档（很差）：（0-5分） 未能完成了试题规定的任务。 ★明显遗漏主要内容要点，写了一些无关内容，原因可能是未能理解试题要求。 ★语法结构简单、词汇项目有限。 ★较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响对写作内容的理解。 ★缺乏语句间的连接成分，内容不连贯。信息未能传达给读者

书面表达得高分的高招： 以前英语作文评分依据是根据要点和语言准确度而定，但近几年要求“使用较多语法结构和词汇”，因此要想得高分，除了要点和语言准确度以外，还必须在较复杂的句子结构或较高级的词汇上有所表现。句式单一，缺乏生气的文章，哪怕无任何错误也不可能得高分，相反“有些错误，但是为了使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致”，给分档次仍在最高档(21～25分)。

一、以下四种手段是增加句子复杂性 的常见方法，也是得高分的“亮点”。 1.改变句子的开头方式，不要一味地都是主语开头，接着是谓语、宾语，最后再加一个状语。可以把状语置于句首，或用分词做状语等。

例1.We met at the school gate and went there together early in the morning. 例2. The young man couldn't help crying when he heard the bad news. ［修正］Early in the morning we met at the school gate and went there together. ［修正］Hearing the bad news，the young man couldn't help crying.

2.在整篇文章中，避免只使用一两个句式，要灵活运用诸如倒装句、强调句、主从复合句、分词状语等。2.在整篇文章中，避免只使用一两个句式，要灵活运用诸如倒装句、强调句、主从复合句、分词状语等。 ①强调句 例3.My parents praised Ah Fu warmly. It had saved my little sister bravely. ［修正］My parents praised Ah Fu warmly. It was our brave Ah Fu who had saved my little sister bravely.

②由what等引导的从句，此处的what相当于中文的“所……”，有很大的概括力，如:②由what等引导的从句，此处的what相当于中文的“所……”，有很大的概括力，如: 例4.We had to stand there to catch the offender. 例5. What China has achieved in recent years is known through the world. 例6. China is no longer what it used to be. ［修正］What we had to do was (to) stand there， trying to catch the offender.

③由with或without引导的短语。如:例7. He sat in a chair with a newspaper in the hand. ④分词短语。如: 例8. Satisfied with the result， He decided to go on with a new experiment.⑤倒装句。如: 例9. Only in this way can we achieve our goal. 例10. Never before have I seen such a wonderful film.

⑥省略句。如: 例11. If so, victory will be ours. 例12. You can make some changes wherever necessary. ⑦对比，这是中文中也常用的方法。例13. Failure is not a crime, but failure to learn from failure is. 例14. When I play, I feel excited， and after it I feel relaxed.

3.通过分句和合句，增强句子的连贯性和表现力。　　3.通过分句和合句，增强句子的连贯性和表现力。　　例15.He stopped us half an hour ago. He made us catch the next offender. ［修正］He stopped us half an hour ago and made us catch the next offender.

例16.We had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced. Some told stories. Some played chess. ［修正］After a short rest， we had great fun singing and dancing ，telling jokes and playing chess.

4.学会使用过渡词。如: ①递进:then(然后)， besides furthermore(而且)，moreover (此外), what’s more等。 ②转折:however(然而)， but， on the contrary(相反)，after all (毕竟)等。 ③总结:finally，at last，in brief (总之)，in conclusion(最后)等。 

④强调:indeed，certainly(一定)， surely(确定)，above all(尤其)等. ⑤对比:in the same way(同样地)， just as(正如)， on the one hand… on the other hand(一方面…… 另一方面……)等。

二、对于“较复杂的词汇”，可以从 以下几个方面着手。 1.注意使用词组、习语来代替一些单词，以增加文采。如: 例18.A new railway is being built in my hometown. 　　 ［修正］A new railway is under construction in my hometown.

2.使用一些很有“洋味”的单词。如: 例19. Thank you for sharing the time with us. 例20.The way he views the world is very practical. 3.避免重复使用某一单词或短语。如: 例21. I like reading while my brother likes watching television. ［修正］I like reading while my brother enjoys watching television.

Summary

历年NMET书面表达的特点： 1.都具备五大要素即“五W”——who,what,when,where, why. 2.都具备六个左右的描述要点。 3.文章大多由十个左右的句子组成。 4.提倡使用“语言结构较为复杂、用法较为地道的精彩句式。

书面表达做题步骤: 1.审题找点(5---7个) 2.连点成句(注意语法) 3.组句成篇(注意衔接) 4.修改抄写(注意书写)

书面表达注意事项: 1)时间有限(25分钟）,合理安排。建议:两三分钟审题;十分钟左右形成初稿;三分钟左右反复检查;五分钟左右抄写。 2)审清题目,要点齐全,表达准确。 4)字迹工整,卷面整洁。

实战练习

议论文 作文专题（1）

议论文的步骤： 1.定文体----分析写作要求，题目是否要写一篇议论文 2.列要点——用一两个词或短语写出每个细节要点。 3.组句——将要点适当展开，写成句子。 4.写文——将各句连成短文。

假设你是李华，最近国内一家英文报纸正在讨论北京动物园是否应该迁出市区。以下是你所在的班级讨论的情况，请你给该报写一封信，反映讨论结果。（2005年全国卷Ⅲ）假设你是李华，最近国内一家英文报纸正在讨论北京动物园是否应该迁出市区。以下是你所在的班级讨论的情况，请你给该报写一封信，反映讨论结果。（2005年全国卷Ⅲ）

组成短文： June 3,2005 Dear editor, Recently, our class have a heated discussion about whether the Benjing Zoo should be moved out of the city.

Some of my classmates are in favor of the move. They say large crowds of tourists to the zoo will result in traffic jams. They also say that once moved, animals will have more space and better living conditions in the suburbs.

However, other students are against the idea, saying that the Benjing Zoo, built in 1906, has a history of 100 years and is wellknown at home and abroad. So it should remain where it is. What’s more, moving will cause the death of some animals. To move or not, this is a big decision, which has to be made by people in Benjing. Yours truly, LiHua

June 3,2005 Dear editor, Recently, our class have a heated discussion about whether the Benjing Zoo should be moved out of the city. Some of my classmates are in favor of the move. They say large crowds of tourists to the zoo will result in traffic jams. They also say that once moved, animals will have more space and better living conditions in the suburbs. However, other students are against the idea, saying that the Benjing Zoo, built in 1906, has a history of 100 years and is wellknown at home and abroad. So it should remain where it is. What’s more, moving will cause the death of some animals. To move or not, this is a big decision, which has to be made by people in Benjing. Yours truly, Li Hua …

经全国中小学教材审定委员会2004年审查通过全日制普通高级中学教科书（必修）英语（第三册）（供高三年级使用）人民教育出版社

Unit 5 Getting the message Reading page 40 Advertising(第二段) People react to advertisements in different ways. Somepeople find ads useful and entertaining;Others think that they are annoying. Defenders of ads say that ads help us make informed choices as consumers by introducing good quality products. On the other hand, critics sometimes accuse companies of using ads to mislead us by making us believe that a certain product is better than it really is or that we will be happier if we buy it.

（2006年云南省第一次省统测）每年高考前总会有许多“移民考生”设法从录取分数叫高的省份到其他省份参加高考。最近你半同学就此展开讨论，同学们持两种相反意见。请你根据表格中的信息写一篇英语短文，客观反映讨论结果。

Migrating Test-takers---Fair or Unfair? Every year some migrating test-takers move from high –scoring provinces to other areas to take the College Entrance Examninations. Recently the students in my class gave gad a discussion about this problem, and wi hold two different views. Some think it understandable for the students to seek to be admitted to a better university. In their opinion, all the college candidates should be treated with a fair criterion. What’s more, wherever they tale the exams, test-taker with the same grade should enjoy the same opportunity and right to receive higher education. However, others take a quite different stand. They believe that test-takers from high-scoring areas create an unfair situation for local test-takers, which will have a bad effect on selecting talents from low-scoring areas. In addition, it will affect the development of less developed areas.

Mobile Telephone on Campus （2004年大学四级考试作文题）(1)学校园里越来越多的学生拿手机； (2)手机对学生的影响； (3)你的观点。 With the development of science and technology, mobile telephone becomes more and more popular. Even the students on campus begin to use mobile telephone. Is it a good or bad thing? Mobile telephone , on the one hand, is good to the students. For one thing , it enables them to keep in touch with their friends and family more conveniently and quickly. For another, it can make the students fashionable and proud. On the other hand, mobile telephone has a negative effect on the students. First , it will cost them more money than before. Second, it will distract them from their study. Third, it will sometimes become a nuisance especially when it rings in class or in the library. In my opinion , it is not good for the students on campus to use mobile telephone . Since the students’ main purpose on campus is to study , they should pay much attention to their study. If they want to use mobile telephone , they can use it after graduation。

上周，你校同学举行了一场英语辩论会。辩论的题目是：“是否应该发展小起车？” 参加辩论的同学的意见截然不同。请根据下表所提供的信息，给某杂志社写篇英语稿件，客观的介绍辩论的情况。（2006年高考模拟卷北清学子卷）

Last week, we had a debate about whether we should develop small cars. During the debate, Group A said we should develop small cars, since it would bring great convenience to people, create more jobs and greatly strengthen the economy. While Group B thought the government should limit the number of cars, since most of roads too narrow for a large number of cars. Too many cars would certainly cause traffic jams. Besides, cars would give out large amount of gas, which would cause air pollution. They thought public transportation, such as buses and subways, should be well developed.

人们对于学生网上交友持不同的意见。请你用写一篇关于网上交友的短文，介绍人们的不同观点，并表达自己的观点。（2005年全国高考江西卷）人们对于学生网上交友持不同的意见。请你用写一篇关于网上交友的短文，介绍人们的不同观点，并表达自己的观点。（2005年全国高考江西卷）

Should students make friends on line? Some people say yes. The internet helps make many friends. Chatting on line, students can more freely express their feelings and opinions, and even get help with their foreign language studies.Other, however, think students should not. They say making friends on line is a waste of time , which should be spent more meaningfully on study. Besides, some students get cheated on line. It is my opinion that students should place their study, health and safety before other things. As for friendship we can readily find it in our classmates and other people around us.

三班的同学进行了一场有关英语学习的讨论。讨论的题目是：学习英语要不要从儿童时期开始？请你根据表中的提示写一篇短文，介绍讨论的情况。（2004年全国高考湖北卷）三班的同学进行了一场有关英语学习的讨论。讨论的题目是：学习英语要不要从儿童时期开始？请你根据表中的提示写一篇短文，介绍讨论的情况。（2004年全国高考湖北卷）

The students of class 3 had a discussion about whether it is necessary to start learning English from childhood. Some of them think that English learning should be from childhood. As little boys and girls have a very good memory, they can learn a lot of English words by heart. This will help them lay a solid foundation for their future English learning . But others do not agree. Young children have to learn Chinese pinyin at school. If they study Chinese pinyin and English at the same time, it will be very easy for them to mix them up. This will do a lot of harm not only to their Chinese learning buy also to their future English learning.In short ,the students have not arrived at any agreement yet.

最近，你校同学正在参加某英文报组织的一场讨论。讨论的主题是：公园要不要收门票？请你根据下表所提供的信息，给报社写一封信，客观的介绍讨论的情况。（2002年高考全国卷）最近，你校同学正在参加某英文报组织的一场讨论。讨论的主题是：公园要不要收门票？请你根据下表所提供的信息，给报社写一封信，客观的介绍讨论的情况。（2002年高考全国卷）

Dear editor, I’m writing to you about the discussion we’ve about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks. Opinions are divided on the question. 60％ of the students are against the idea of entrance fees. They believe a public park should be free of charge. People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves. Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away. What is more, it will become necessary to build gates and walls, which will do harm to the appearance of a city.On the other hand, 40％ think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardeners and other workers, and to buy plants and young frees. They suggest, however, fees should be charged low.

Summary(1)类似的议论文体，一般采用三段式结构，如果要求你发表你的个人观点，那么就用四段式；但如果题目不要求表达个人观点，那就不要多写，以免画蛇添足，看清题目要求。(2)文章第第二、三段是重点，一般第而段是正方观点，第三段是反方观点，层层深入，要点要写齐全，不能有遗漏Summary(1)类似的议论文体，一般采用三段式结构，如果要求你发表你的个人观点，那么就用四段式；但如果题目不要求表达个人观点，那就不要多写，以免画蛇添足，看清题目要求。(2)文章第第二、三段是重点，一般第而段是正方观点，第三段是反方观点，层层深入，要点要写齐全，不能有遗漏

(3)常用的连词如下：some,others,while ,but ,however,besides, what’s more, in additionon the one hand ,on the other hand(4)别忘记了使用定语从句（5）可以使用插入语，使文章看起来更地道（6）没次写的作文至少要有两、三个亮点（复杂的语法结构或高级词汇等）

Homework Recite one of the most typical compositions You like best

Writing Practice