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Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage: 2008

$. $. $. $. $. $. Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage: 2008. September 2009. U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. CENSUS BUREAU. Release Schedule . Today, September 10, 2009

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Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage: 2008

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  1. $ $ $ $ $ $ Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage: 2008 September 2009 U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

  2. Release Schedule • Today, September 10, 2009 • 2008 income, poverty and health insurance national level estimates from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement of the Current Population Survey (CPS) • September 22, 2009 • 2008 American Community Survey (ACS) one-year estimates for income and poverty • 2008 ACS one-year estimates for health insurance coverage • Estimates will be available for the nation, all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, every congressional district and all counties, places and metropolitan areas with populations of 65,000 or more • October 27, 2009 • 2008 ACS three-year estimates from 2006-2008 for income and poverty for places with populations of 20,000 or more 2

  3. Highlights • Median household money income for the nation was $50,300 in 2008, a decline of 3.6 percent from 2007 in real terms. This decline in income coincides with the recession that started in December 2007. • The 2008 official poverty rate for the nation was 13.2 percent up from 12.5 percent in 2007, with 39.8 million people in poverty, up from 37.3 million in 2007. • Real median earnings of both men and women who worked full-time, year-round declined between 2007 and 2008. The female-to-male earnings ratio declined from 0.78 in 2007 to 0.77 in 2008. • The number of people without health insurance coverage increased to 46.3 million in 2008 from 45.7 million in 2007. The 2008 uninsured rate for the nation was not statistically different from 2007, at 15.4 percent. Note: Income rounded to nearest $100. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2008 and 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 3

  4. Real Median Household Income: 1967 to 2008 Income in thousands (2008 dollars) Recession 60 45 30 15 0 $50,300 $40,300 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2008 Note: Income rounded to nearest $100. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 4

  5. Real Median Household Income: 1967 to 2008 (In 2008 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars) Recessions Source: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 <www.nber.org>. Note: For changes in survey and data processing methodology, see footnotes in Appendix Table A-1 of the report, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-236. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf>. 1The 2004 data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey,1968 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

  6. Poverty: 1959 to 2008 Numbers in millions, rates in percent Recession 50 40 30 20 10 0 39.5 million 39.8 million Number in poverty 22.4% 13.2% Poverty rate 1959 1966 1973 1980 1987 1994 2001 2008 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 5

  7. Poverty: 1959 to 2008 (Numbers in millions. Rates in percents.) Recessions Source: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 <www.nber.org>. Weighted Average Poverty Thresholds in 2008 1Poverty data for 1989, 1992 and later years reflect 1990 Census population controls. The 1990 Census based estimates are not available for 1990 and 1991. The 1990 and 1991 poverty estimates were derived through ratio estimation. 2Poverty data for 2000 consistent with 2001 data through implementation of Census 2000-based population controls and a 28,000 household sample expansion. 3CPS 2005 ASEC file (2004 data) was corrected after the release of the 2004 Income, Poverty and Health Insurance report due to adjustments to the weights. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey,1960 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf>. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

  8. Real Median Household Income and Poverty Rate: 1967 to 2008 Income in thousands (2008 dollars), rates in percent Recession 60 45 30 15 0 Real median household income $50,300 $40,300 - 3.5% - 3.6% - 3.9% -1.7% - 6.0% - 5.7% Poverty rate 14.2% 13.2% 1.1 3.8 0.8 1.2 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2008 Change surrounding recession. Poverty expressed as percentage point change. Income expressed as percentage change. Income rounded to nearest $100. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 6

  9. Change in Real Median Household Income and Poverty Real Median Household Income and Poverty Rate: 1967 to 2008 (Income in 2008 dollars.) *Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. 1Recessions are determined by the National Bureau of Economic Research, a private research organization. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA 02138 <www.nber.org>. 2Income years are based on peak income year prior to or during the start of the recession and the trough income year near or after the end of the recession. 3For comparability purposes, the 1989 median household income used in this calculation ($48,319 in 2008 dollars), is based on data that reflect the implementation of the 1990 decennial census population controls. This median is different from the median shown in Table A-1, which is based on 1980 census population controls. Note: Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey,1970 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf>. 1Data for 1989, 1992 and later years reflect 1990 Census population controls. The 1990 Census based estimates are not available for 1990 and 1991. The 1990 and 1991 poverty estimates were derived through ratio estimation. 2Data for 2000 consistent with 2001 data through implementation of Census 2000-based population controls and a 28,000 household sample expansion. 3CPS 2005 ASEC file (2004 data) was corrected after the release of the 2004 Income, Poverty and Health Insurance report due to adjustments to the weights. Note: For changes in survey and data processing methodology, see footnotes in Appendix Table A-1 of the report, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-236. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey,1968 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf>.

  10. Women’s-to-Men’s Median Earnings Ratio and Real Median Earnings: 1960 to 2008(Full-time, year-round workers) Earnings in thousands (2008 dollars), ratio in percent Recession 80 60 40 20 0 77.0% Women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio 61.0% Earnings of men $46,400 $34,200 $35,700 Earnings of women $20,700 1960 1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002 2008 Note: Income rounded to nearest $100. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1961 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 7

  11. Men Women Year Number Median Number Median Female-to-male with earning earnings with earning earnings earnings ratio (thousands) (dollars) (thousands) (dollars) 1960 (NA) 34,152 (NA) 20,722 0.607 1961 (NA) 35,242 (NA) 20,881 0.592 1962 (NA) 35,886 (NA) 21,280 0.593 1963 (NA) 36,787 (NA) 21,685 0.589 1964 (NA) 37,647 (NA) 22,268 0.591 1965 (NA) 38,183 (NA) 22,881 0.599 1966 (NA) 39,851 (NA) 22,936 0.576 1967 36,645 40,480 14,846 23,391 0.578 1968 37,068 41,567 15,013 24,173 0.582 1969 37,008 43,899 15,374 25,841 0.589 1970 36,132 44,367 15,476 26,340 0.594 1971 36,819 44,557 16,002 26,514 0.595 1972 38,184 46,956 16,675 27,169 0.579 1973 39,581 48,452 17,195 27,440 0.566 1974 37,916 46,713 16,945 27,446 0.588 1975 37,267 46,422 17,452 27,305 0.588 1976 38,184 46,295 18,073 27,866 0.602 1977 39,263 47,336 19,238 27,892 0.589 1978 41,036 47,642 20,914 28,319 0.594 1979 42,437 47,026 22,082 28,057 0.597 1980 41,881 46,303 22,859 27,856 0.602 1981 41,773 46,022 23,329 27,261 0.592 1982 40,105 45,153 23,702 27,880 0.617 1983 41,528 44,956 25,166 28,589 0.636 1984 43,808 45,827 26,466 29,173 0.637 1985 44,943 46,171 27,383 29,815 0.646 1986 45,912 47,338 28,420 30,424 0.643 1987 47,013 47,042 29,912 30,661 0.652 1988 48,285 46,619 31,237 30,791 0.660 1989 49,678 45,822 31,340 31,467 0.687 1990 49,171 44,201 31,682 31,655 0.716 1991 47,888 45,358 32,436 31,686 0.699 1992 48,551 45,403 33,241 32,139 0.708 1993 49,818 44,616 33,524 31,909 0.715 1994 51,580 44,325 34,155 31,900 0.720 1995 52,667 44,184 35,482 31,560 0.714 1996 53,787 43,924 36,430 32,399 0.738 1997 54,909 45,041 37,683 33,403 0.742 1998 56,951 46,625 38,785 34,116 0.732 1999 58,299 47,024 40,871 34,005 0.723 2000 59,602 46,576 41,719 34,336 0.737 2001 58,712 46,548 41,639 35,530 0.763 2002 58,761 47,189 41,876 36,148 0.766 2003 58,772 47,609 41,908 35,968 0.755 2004160,088 46,502 42,380 35,610 0.766 2005 61,500 45,644 43,351 35,136 0.770 2006 63,055 45,130 44,663 34,722 0.769 2007 62,984 46,846 45,613 36,451 0.778 2008 59,861 46,367 44,156 35,745 0.771 Peak Trough month Year month Year November 1948 October 1949 July 1953 May 1954 August 1957 April 1958 April 1960 February 1961 December 1969 November 1970 November 1973 March 1975 January 1980 July 1980 July 1981 November 1982 July 1990 March 1991 March 2001 November 2001 December 2007 Source: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 <www.nber.org>. Women’s-to-Men’s Median Earnings Ratio and Real Median Earnings: 1960 to 2008 (Full-time, year-round workers. Earnings in 2008 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars.) Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey,1961 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. Note: For changes in survey and data processing methodology, see footnotes in Appendix Table A-1 of the report, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-236. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf>. (NA) Not available. 1The 2004 data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC. Recessions

  12. Percent of People Without Health Insurance Coverage: 1987 to 2008 Percent Recession 20 15 10 5 0 All people 15.4% 12.9% Children 12.9% 9.9% 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1988 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 8

  13. Percent of People Without Heath Insurance Coverage: 1987 to 2008 (Rates in percents) Recessions Source: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 <www.nber.org>. Note: Respondents were not asked detailed health insurance questions before the 1988 Current Population Survey. The series in 1996 reflects an approximation of the impact of an editing error that was corrected in the 2005 ASEC (estimates of 2004 coverage). 1Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls occurred for the 2000 ASEC, which collected data for 1999. These estimates also reflect the results of follow-up verification questions which were asked of people who responded "no" to all questions about specific types of health insurance coverage in order to verify whether they were actually uninsured. This change increased the number and percentage of people covered by health insurance, bringing the CPS more in line with estimates from other national surveys. The data points are placed at the midpoints of the respective years. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey,1988 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf>.

  14. Number of People Without Health Insurance Coverage: 1987 to 2008 Numbers in millions Recession 50 40 30 20 10 0 All people 46.3 million 31.0 million Children 8.2 million 7.3 million 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1988 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 9

  15. Number of People Without Health Insurance Coverage: 1987 to 2008 (Numbers in millions) Recessions Source: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 <www.nber.org>. Note: Respondents were not asked detailed health insurance questions before the 1988 Current Population Survey. The series in 1996 reflects an approximation of the impact of an editing error that was corrected in the 2005 ASEC (estimates of 2004 coverage). 1Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls occurred for the 2000 ASEC, which collected data for 1999. These estimates also reflect the results of follow-up verification questions which were asked of people who responded "no" to all questions about specific types of health insurance coverage in order to verify whether they were actually uninsured. This change increased the number and percentage of people covered by health insurance, bringing the CPS more in line with estimates from other national surveys. The data points are placed at the midpoints of the respective years. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey,1988 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf>.

  16. Percentage Change in Real Median Household Income by Age of Householder: 2007 and 2008 Income in thousands (2008 dollars) 2007 2008 80 60 40 20 0 -5.4% -2.4% • 3.9% -3.0% No statistical change -2.2% 15 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 years years years years years years and older Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2008 and 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 10

  17. Percentage Change in Real Median Household Income by Age of Householder: 2007 and 2008 (Income in 2008 dollars. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf>) *Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2008 and 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

  18. Percentage Change in Real Median Household Income by Number of Earners: 2007 and 2008 Income in thousands (2008 dollars) 2007 2008 100 80 60 40 20 0 -3.1% -3.6% +2.6% No earner One earner Two or more earners Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2008 and 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 11

  19. Percentage Change in Real Median Household Income by Number of Earners: 2007 and 2008 (Income in 2008 dollars. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf>) *Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2008 and 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

  20. Median Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1967 to 2008 Income in thousands (2008 dollars) Recession 75 60 45 30 15 0 $65,600 Asian $58,400 $55,500 White, not Hispanic $47,500 Hispanic (any race) $35,300 $37,900 $34,200 $24,400 Black 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2008 Note: Income rounded to nearest $100. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 12

  21. Hispanic White, origin Year All races not Hispanic2 Black Asian3 (any race)2 1967 40,261 (NA) 24,377 (NA) (NA) 1968 41,995 (NA) 25,784 (NA) (NA) 1969 43,557 (NA) 27,477 (NA) (NA) 1970 43,219 (NA) 27,399 (NA) (NA) 1971 42,798 (NA) 26,443 (NA) (NA) 1972 44,632 47,490 27,330 (NA) 35,334 1973 45,533 48,140 28,090 (NA) 35,276 1974 44,091 46,505 27,422 (NA) 35,069 1975 42,936 45,240 26,955 (NA) 32,257 1976 43,649 46,656 27,188 (NA) 32,924 1977 43,925 47,106 27,257 (NA) 34,458 1978 45,625 48,323 28,503 (NA) 35,748 1979 45,498 48,375 28,007 (NA) 36,048 1980 44,059 47,306 26,779 (NA) 33,961 1981 43,328 46,440 25,689 (NA) 34,755 1982 43,212 45,997 25,639 (NA) 32,515 1983 42,910 (NA) 25,536 (NA) 32,680 1984 44,242 47,643 26,589 (NA) 33,539 1985 45,069 48,600 28,279 (NA) 33,328 1986 46,665 50,176 28,265 (NA) 34,398 1987 47,251 51,152 28,414 58,428 35,058 1988 47,614 51,722 28,694 56,432 35,606 1989 48,463 52,074 30,317 60,527 36,752 1990 47,818 51,015 29,825 61,403 35,660 1991 46,445 49,832 28,995 56,193 34,982 1992 46,063 50,054 28,199 56,836 33,976 1993 45,839 50,142 28,660 56,266 33,580 1994 46,351 50,463 30,208 58,157 33,647 1995 47,803 52,155 31,414 56,975 32,069 1996 48,499 53,001 32,087 59,135 34,033 1997 49,497 54,274 33,506 60,523 35,617 1998 51,295 55,983 33,442 61,521 37,371 1999 52,587 57,059 36,065 65,850 39,730 2000 52,500 57,042 37,093 69,713 41,470 2001 51,356 56,314 35,840 65,228 40,820 2002 50,756 56,131 34,739 62,984 39,618 2003 50,711 55,931 34,705 65,206 38,629 20044 50,535 55,751 34,304 65,547 39,064 2005 51,093 56,009 34,033 67,380 39,668 2006 51,473 55,982 34,139 68,599 40,346 2007 52,163 57,030 35,219 68,643 40,165 2008 50,303 55,530 34,218 65,637 37,913 Peak Trough month Year month Year November 1948 October 1949 July 1953 May 1954 August 1957 April 1958 April 1960 February 1961 December 1969 November 1970 November 1973 March 1975 January 1980 July 1980 July 1981 November 1982 July 1990 March 1991 March 2001 November 2001 December 2007 Source: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 <www.nber.org>. Note: For changes in survey and data processing methodology, see footnotes in Appendix Table A-1 of the report, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-236. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf>. (NA) Not available. 1Begining with the 2003 CPS, respondents were allowed to choose one or more races. This table presents the single-race population for 2002 to 2008. The use of this single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing the data. For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race. 2Data were first collected for Hispanics in 1972. 3For 2001 and earlier, data are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. Data were first collected for Asians and Pacific Islanders in 1987. 4Data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. Median Household Income by Race1 and Hispanic Origin: 1967 to 2008 (Income in 2008 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars) Recessions

  22. Household Income at Selected Percentiles: 1967 to 2008 Recession Income in thousands (2008 dollars) 150 120 90 60 30 0 $138,300 90th $84,800 50th (median) $40,300 $50,300 10th $9,200 $12,200 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2008 Note: Income rounded to nearest $100. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 13

  23. 10th 50th 90th • percentile percentile percentile • Year limit (median) limit • 1967 9,187 40,261 84,771 • 1968 10,001 41,995 86,779 • 1969 10,260 43,557 91,573 • 1970 10,025 43,219 92,411 • 1971 10,183 42,798 92,442 • 1972 10,858 44,632 97,576 • 1973 11,370 45,533 100,708 • 1974 11,447 44,091 98,164 • 1975 11,134 42,936 94,969 • 1976 11,196 43,649 97,372 • 1977 11,334 43,925 99,067 • 1978 11,567 45,625 102,977 • 1979 11,346 45,498 103,757 • 1980 11,195 44,059 101,759 • 1981 11,040 43,328 101,777 • 1982 10,842 43,212 102,836 • 1983 10,801 42,910 103,787 • 1984 11,245 44,242 107,433 • 1985 11,253 45,069 109,073 • 1986 11,212 46,665 113,116 • 1987 11,308 47,251 115,681 • 1988 11,480 47,614 117,176 • 1989 12,071 48,463 120,635 • 1990 11,690 47,818 118,335 • 1991 11,442 46,445 116,988 • 19921 11,277 46,063 116,602 • 1993 11,278 45,839 119,937 • 1994 11,533 46,351 121,945 • 1995 12,171 47,803 123,028 • 1996 12,175 48,499 125,783 • 1997 12,326 49,497 130,629 • 1998 12,796 51,295 133,630 • 1999 13,369 52,587 139,270 • 2000 13,231 52,500 140,033 • 2001 12,996 51,356 138,189 • 2002 12,710 50,756 136,572 • 2003 12,334 50,711 138,374 • 20042 12,431 50,535 137,772 • 2005 12,449 51,093 139,064 • 2006 12,815 51,473 142,028 • 12,629 52,163 141,226 • 2008 12,161 50,303 138,300 Peak Trough month Year month Year November 1948 October 1949 July 1953 May 1954 August 1957 April 1958 April 1960 February 1961 December 1969 November 1970 November 1973 March 1975 January 1980 July 1980 July 1981 November 1982 July 1990 March 1991 March 2001 November 2001 December 2007 Source: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 <www.nber.org>. Household Income at Selected Percentiles: 1967 to 2008 (Income in 2008 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars.) Note: For changes in survey and data processing methodology, see footnotes in Appendix Table A-1 of the report, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-236. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf>. 1Change in data collection methodology suggests pre-1993 and post-1992 estimates are not comparable. (See Current Population Reports, “The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947-1998,” P60-204, for more details.) 2Data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. Recessions

  24. Poverty Rates by Age: 1959 to 2008 Percent Recession 50 40 30 20 10 0 35.2% 65 years and older Under 18 years old 27.3% 19.0% 11.7% 17.0% 9.7% 18 to 64 years old 1959 1966 1973 1980 1987 1994 2001 2008 Note: Data from 1960 to 1965 available only for people under 18 years old. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 14

  25. Poverty Rates by Age: 1959 to 2008 (Percent) Recessions Source: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 <www.nber.org>. (NA) Not available. 1Consistent with 2001 data through implementation of Census 2000-based population controls. 2Consistent with 2001 data through implementation of Census 2000-based population controls and a 28,000 household sample expansion. 3CPS 2005 ASEC file (2004 data) was corrected after the release of the 2004 Income, Poverty and Health Insurance report due to adjustments to the weights. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey,1960 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf>.

  26. Poverty by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2008 Percent Recession 60 45 30 15 0 55.1% Black 24.7% 22.8% 23.2% Asian Hispanic (any race) 16.1% 11.8% White, not Hispanic 8.6% 7.5% 1959 1966 1973 1980 1987 1994 2001 2008 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 15

  27. White White Asian and Hispanic All White alone, not not Black Asian Pacific (of any Year races alone White Hispanic Hispanic alone Black alone Islander race) 1959 22.4 (NA) 18.1 (NA) (NA) (NA) 55.1 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1960 22.2 (NA) 17.8 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 1961 21.9 (NA) 17.4 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 1962 21.0 (NA) 16.4 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 1963 19.5 (NA) 15.3 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 1964 19.0 (NA) 14.9 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 1965 17.3 (NA) 13.3 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 1966 14.7 (NA) 11.3 (NA) (NA) (NA) 41.8 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1967 14.2 (NA) 11.0 (NA) (NA) (NA) 39.3 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1968 12.8 (NA) 10.0 (NA) (NA) (NA) 34.7 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1969 12.1 (NA) 9.5 (NA) (NA) (NA) 32.2 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1970 12.6 (NA) 9.9 (NA) (NA) (NA) 33.5 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1971 12.5 (NA) 9.9 (NA) (NA) (NA) 32.5 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1972 11.9 (NA) 9.0 (NA) (NA) (NA) 33.3 (NA) (NA) 22.8 1973 11.1 (NA) 8.4 (NA) 7.5 (NA) 31.4 (NA) (NA) 21.9 1974 11.2 (NA) 8.6 (NA) 7.7 (NA) 30.3 (NA) (NA) 23.0 1975 12.3 (NA) 9.7 (NA) 8.6 (NA) 31.3 (NA) (NA) 26.9 1976 11.8 (NA) 9.1 (NA) 8.1 (NA) 31.1 (NA) (NA) 24.7 1977 11.6 (NA) 8.9 (NA) 8.0 (NA) 31.3 (NA) (NA) 22.4 1978 11.4 (NA) 8.7 (NA) 7.9 (NA) 30.6 (NA) (NA) 21.6 1979 11.7 (NA) 9.0 (NA) 8.1 (NA) 31.0 (NA) (NA) 21.8 1980 13.0 (NA) 10.2 (NA) 9.1 (NA) 32.5 (NA)(NA) 25.7 1981 14.0 (NA) 11.1 (NA) 9.9 (NA) 34.2 (NA) (NA) 26.5 1982 15.0 (NA) 12.0 (NA) 10.6 (NA) 35.6 (NA) (NA) 29.9 1983 15.2 (NA) 12.1 (NA) 10.8 (NA) 35.7 (NA) (NA) 28.0 1984 14.4 (NA) 11.5 (NA) 10.0 (NA) 33.8 (NA) (NA) 28.4 1985 14.0 (NA) 11.4 (NA) 9.7 (NA) 31.3 (NA) (NA) 29.0 1986 13.6 (NA) 11.0 (NA) 9.4 (NA) 31.1 (NA) (NA) 27.3 1987 13.4 (NA) 10.4 (NA) 8.7 (NA) 32.4 (NA) 16.1 28.0 1988 13.0 (NA) 10.1 (NA) 8.4 (NA) 31.3 (NA) 17.3 26.7 1989 12.8 (NA) 10.0 (NA) 8.3 (NA) 30.7 (NA) 14.1 26.2 1990 13.5 (NA) 10.7 (NA) 8.8 (NA) 31.9 (NA) 12.2 28.1 1991 14.2 (NA) 11.3 (NA) 9.4 (NA) 32.7 (NA) 13.8 28.7 1992 14.8 (NA) 11.9 (NA) 9.6 (NA) 33.4 (NA) 12.7 29.6 1993 15.1 (NA) 12.2 (NA) 9.9 (NA) 33.1 (NA) 15.3 30.6 1994 14.5 (NA) 11.7 (NA) 9.4 (NA) 30.6 (NA) 14.6 30.7 1995 13.8 (NA) 11.2 (NA) 8.5 (NA) 29.3 (NA) 14.6 30.3 1996 13.7 (NA) 11.2 (NA) 8.6 (NA) 28.4 (NA) 14.5 29.4 1997 13.3 (NA) 11.0 (NA) 8.6 (NA) 26.5 (NA) 14.0 27.1 1998 12.7 (NA) 10.5 (NA) 8.2 (NA) 26.1 (NA) 12.5 25.6 1999211.9 (NA) 9.8 (NA) 7.7 (NA) 23.6 (NA) 10.7 22.7 2000311.3 (NA) 9.5 (NA) 7.4 (NA) 22.5 (NA) 9.9 21.5 2001 11.7 (NA) 9.9 (NA) 7.8 (NA) 22.7 (NA) 10.2 21.4 2002 12.1 10.2 (NA) 8.0 (NA) 24.1 (NA) 10.1 (NA) 21.8 2003 12.5 10.5 (NA) 8.2 (NA) 24.4 (NA) 11.8 (NA) 22.5 2004412.7 10.8 (NA) 8.7 (NA) 24.7 (NA) 9.8 (NA) 21.9 2005 12.6 10.6 (NA) 8.3 (NA) 24.9 (NA) 11.1 (NA) 21.8 2006 12.3 10.3 (NA) 8.2 (NA) 24.3 (NA) 10.3 (NA) 20.6 2007 12.5 10.5 (NA) 8.2 (NA) 24.5 (NA) 10.2 (NA) 21.5 2008 13.2 11.2 (NA) 8.6 (NA) 24.7 (NA) 11.8 (NA) 23.2 Peak Trough month Year month Year November 1948 October 1949 July 1953 May 1954 August 1957 April 1958 April 1960 February 1961 December 1969 November 1970 November 1973 March 1975 January 1980 July 1980 July 1981 November 1982 July 1990 March 1991 March 2001 November 2001 December 2007 Source: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 <www.nber.org>. (NA) Not available. 1Starting with the 2003 CPS, respondents were allowed to choose more than one race. This table presents the single-race population for 2002 to 2006. For example White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category. For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group. 2Consistent with 2001 data through implementation of Census 2000-based population controls. 3Consistent with 2001 data through implementation of Census 2000-based population controls and a 28,000 household sample expansion. 4CPS 2005 ASEC file (2004 data) was corrected after the release of the 2004 Income, Poverty and Health Insurance report due to adjustments to the weights. Poverty by Race1 and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2008 (Percent) Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey,1960 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf>. Recessions

  28. Children with Income Below Specified Ratio of Their Poverty Threshold: 1980 to 2008 Percent of all children 100 80 60 40 20 0 16.6% At or above 400% of poverty threshold 27.9% 41.1% 200% to 399% of poverty threshold 31.5% 100% to 199% of poverty threshold 24.0% 21.6% 11.4% 50% to 99% of poverty threshold 10.5% Below 50% of poverty threshold 6.9% 8.5% 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1981 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 16

  29. Children with Income Below Specified Ratio of Their Poverty Threshold: 1980 to 2008 (Percent) Recessions Source: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 <www.nber.org>. 1Consistent with 2001 data through implementation of Census 2000-based population controls. 2Consistent with 2001 data through implementation of Census 2000-based population controls and a 28,000 household sample expansion. 3CPS 2005 ASEC file (2004 data) was corrected after the release of the 2004 Income, Poverty and Health Insurance report due to adjustments to the weights. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1981 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf>.

  30. Census Bureau Alternative Measures of Poverty and Income • Poverty measures based on the recommendations of the 1995 National Academy of Sciences panel on Poverty and Family Assistance which use different poverty thresholds and after tax disposable income • Income and poverty estimates that continue to use the official poverty thresholds but that add or subtract resources from the income definition • Table Creator II which allows researchers to • Change the poverty threshold • Change the resource/income definition • Analyze the incremental impact of the addition or subtraction of a single resource element 17

  31. Change in the Number of People Below Their Poverty Threshold Using Alternative Resource Measures: 2008 Numbers in thousands Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplement. Unpublished data. 18

  32. Change in the Number of People Below Their Poverty Threshold Using Alternative Resource Measures: 2008 (Numbers in thousands) Alternative resource Children Adults 65 measures All people under 18 and older Money income plus cash value of food stamps -2,238 -962 -165 Money income after income and payroll taxes -1,678 -1,509 +44 Money income less Social Security income +19,808 +1,117 +13,410 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplement. Unpublished data.

  33. Percentage of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage: 1987 to 2008 Percent Recession 80 60 40 20 0 Any private coverage 75.5% 66.7% 58.5% 62.1% Employment-based coverage Government coverage 29.0% 23.3% 15.4% Uninsured rate 12.9% 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 Note: The estimates by type of coverage are not mutually exclusive. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1988 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 19

  34. Percentage of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage: 1987 to 2008 (Percent) Recessions Source: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 <www.nber.org>. Note: Respondents were not asked detailed health insurance questions before the 1988 Current Population Survey. 1The series starting in 1996 reflects an approximation of the impact of an editing error that was corrected in the 2005 ASEC (estimates of 2004 coverage). 2Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls occurred for the 2000 ASEC, which collected data for 1999. These estimates also reflect the results of follow-up verification questions which were asked of people who responded "no" to all questions about specific types of health insurance coverage in order to verify whether they were actually uninsured. This change increased the number and percentage of people covered by health insurance, bringing the CPS more in line with estimates from other national surveys. The data points are placed at the midpoints of the respective years. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey,1988 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf>.

  35. Uninsured Rates by Selected Characteristics: 2008 9.9% 20.3% 1.7% Under 18 18 to 64 years Over 65 Less than $25,000 $25,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 or more 24.5% 21.4% 14.0% 8.2% Native-born citizen Naturalized citizen Noncitizen 12.9% 18.0% 44.7% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplement. 20

  36. Uninsured Rates by Selected Characteristics: 2008 (Percent) Age Under 18 years 9.9 18 to 64 years 20.3 Over 65 years 1.7 Household Income Less than $25,00 24.5 $25,000 to $49,999 21.4 $50,000 to $74,999 14.0 $75,000 or more 8.2 Nativity, Citizenship Native-born citizen 12.9 Naturalized citizen 18.0 Noncitizen 44.7 Note: Native born people are citizens at birth. All people with the following citizenship status are native born: (1) Born in the United States; (2) Born in Puerto Rico or a U.S., outlying area; or (3) Born abroad of American parents. All other people are foreign born. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplement. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf>.

  37. Age Distribution of the Uninsured: 2008 Over 65 1.4% Under 18 15.9% 45 to 64 years 24.5% 18 to 24 years 17.7% 25 to 44 years 40.5% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplement. 21

  38. Age Distribution of the Uninsured: 2008 (Percent) Age Under 18 years 15.9 18 to 24 years 17.7 25 to 44 years 40.5 45 to 64 years 24.5 Over 65 years 1.4 Note: Details may not sum to totals because of rounding. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplement. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf>.

  39. Income Distribution of the Uninsured: 2008 Uninsured children All Uninsured $75,000 or more 20.1% $75,000 or more 20.9% Less than $25,000 29.5% Less than $25,000 29.1% $50,000 to $74,999 17.3% $50,000 to $74,999 18.1% $25,000 to $49,999 32.3% $25,000 to $49,999 32.7% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplement. 22

  40. Income Distribution of the Uninsured: 2008 (Percent) Note: Details may not sum to totals because of rounding. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplement. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf>.

  41. Nativity, Citizenship Status of the Uninsured: 2008 All Uninsured Uninsured children Naturalized citizen 6.0% Noncitizen 20.5% Naturalized citizen 0.7% Noncitizen 10.9% Native-born citizen 88.4% Native-born citizen 73.5% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplement. 23

  42. Nativity, Citizenship Status of the Uninsured: 2008 (Percent) Note: Details may not sum to totals because of rounding. Native born people are citizens at birth. All people with the following citizenship status are native born: (1) Born in the United States; (2) Born in Puerto Rico or a U.S., outlying area; or (3) Born abroad of American parents. All other people are foreign born. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplement. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf>.

  43. For additional questions, contact:Public Information Office301-763-3030 For data and reports, visit: www.census.gov $ $ $ $ $ $ U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. CENSUS BUREAU 24

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