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Chapter 18

Chapter 18. Fifteenth Century Art in Northern Europe and the Iberian Peninsula. Objectives. Describe the new kind of portraiture that emerges during the early Renaissance. Contrast the developments in sculpture and architecture in Italy and in Northern Europe.

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Chapter 18

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  1. Chapter 18 Fifteenth Century Art in Northern Europe and the Iberian Peninsula

  2. Objectives • Describe the new kind of portraiture that emerges during the early Renaissance. • Contrast the developments in sculpture and architecture in Italy and in Northern Europe. • Describe new techniques in painting and printmaking that become important during the Renaissance.

  3. NORTHERN RENAISSANCE Things to Know for • The differences between the two cultures: • ITALY  change was inspired by humanism (emphasis on past) • NORTHERN EUROPE  change driven by religious reform (Reformation), Christian values, extension of Gothic art. Interest in symbolism, realism & naturalism • Women painters have higher status • More emphasis on middle-class and peasant life. • Painting in OIL, developed in Flanders (adopted in Italy)

  4. Historical Background • New middle class from personal wealth instead of inherited wealth • Many Art Patrons • Focus on Humanism • Extended Education • Led to the Protestant Reformation

  5. …Continued • Burgundy = Central France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands • Intuitive Perspective • Approximating the appearance of things growing smaller and closer together in the distance • Atmospheric Perspective • Applied to landscape scenes based on observation that distant elements appear less distinct and less colorful than things close by

  6. Annunciation, Visitation, Nativity, and Flight into Egypt Champmol Altarpiece Melchior Broederlam 1393-1399 Oil on Wood Panel

  7. Life-Size Stone Figures Old Testament Prophets Distinct Well of Moses Well of Moses Claus Sluter 1395-1496 Limestone

  8. Three Brothers: Paul, Herman, and Jean • Entered the service of Duke John Berry • Very Lavish Book of Hours • Selection of prayers and readings • Included both peasant labors and aristocratic pleasures Tres Riches Heures(Very Rich Hours) Limbourg Brothers 1413-1416

  9. Women Artists • Typically learned to paint from their relatives • Formal apprenticeships weren’t open to women

  10. Mary at Her Devotions Mary of Burgundy Painter 1482 • Book of Hours • Pictorial Space – Windows • Mary of Burgundy appears twice • Rosary = Mary’s Devotion • Carnations = Nails of Christ • Iris’ = Mary’s grief

  11. Fiber Arts • Flemish tapestries • Lavish Details • Finest in Europe • Materials • Wool • Silk • Silver • Gold • Many tapestries didn’t survive the French Rev. • burned to retrieve precious materials

  12. The Unicorn Tapestry • People and animals in a dense field of trees and flowers • Unicorn: • Cloven Hooves • Goat’s Beard • Horn thought to be an antidote to poison • Unicorn became a symbol of the Incarnation of Christ • Killing of the Unicorn equated to Christ’s death

  13. …Continued • Lion • Courage • Stag • Resurrection • Serpent • Evil • Rabbits • Fertility • Dogs • Fidelity

  14. Unicorn At the Fountain Unicorn Tapestry 1495-1505

  15. Painting in Flanders 15th Cen • Economy based on textiles • Provided $$$ for the arts to flourish • Civic groups, town councils, and wealthy merchants = Patrons • Perfected the technique of oil as a medium

  16. Center = Annunciation • Symbolizing the Purity and Mission of the Virgin • Book • Extinguished Candle • Towels • Fire Screen • Right = • Joseph setting a mousetrap • Left = • Two donors kneeling • Setting = Flemish Home

  17. Jan Van Eyck • Campin’s contemporary • Traveled on missions for Duke Phillip • Used oil on wood • Applied oil in thin layers that allowed brushstrokes to blend perfectly • Ghent Altarpiece Crypt

  18. Ghent Altarpiece • Painted by Jan and Hubert Van Eyck • Polyptych: Many panels • Center • God wearing the crown of Saint Peter • John the Baptist • Virgin Mary • Flanked by musicians and Adam and Eve • Cain and Abel depicted above Eve • Bottom • All saints gather to adore the Lamb of God • Lamb stands on an altar • Blood = Fountain of Life

  19. Ghent Altarpiece (Closed) Jan and Hubert Van Eyck 1432 Oil

  20. Man in Red Turban • “As I Can” • Believed to be a self-portrait of Jan Van Eyck • No religious undertones • Physical appearance seems magnified • Painting in High Def Vellum

  21. Man in a Red Turban Jan Van Eyck 1433 Oil on Wood

  22. Arnolfini and his Wife • Suggests a wedding or betrothal • “Jan Van Eyck was present” • Arnolfini is a member of an Italian merchant family living in Flanders • Hold hand of a woman before two witnesses • Symbolism • Dog: Fidelity • Shoes: Holy Ground • Saint Margaret: Childbirth • Oranges: Fertility • Medallions on Mirror: Depictions from the Passion • Candle: God’s All Seeing Eye, and Unity

  23. Arnolfini and his Wife Jan Van Eyck 1434 Oil on Wood

  24. The Deposition • Rogier Van Der Weyden • Altarpiece • Popular theme • Dramatic • Emotional • Jesus in the center Diptych & Triptych

  25. Last Judgment Altarpiece • Painted for a hospital • Archangel Michael dressed in white dominates the center under God • Mary and John at the edge of the rainbow • Barren earth at the bottom • Figures reacting to the Judgment of God • Patrons depicted on the front

  26. The Last Judgment Altarpiece Rogier van der Weyden 1433

  27. Portrait of a Lady Rogier van der Weyden 1455 Oil and Tempera on Wood

  28. A Goldsmith and His Shop • Goldsmith believed to be Saint Eligius • Patron Saint of Metalwork • Goldsmith weighs a jeweled ring as a couple looks on • Double horned headdress fashionable during mid-century • Mirror shows the street outside

  29. A Goldsmith and His Shop Petrus Christus 1449 Oil

  30. Wrongful Execution of the Count • Empress falsely accuses a count of sexual impropriety • Otto has the count beheaded • Countess receives husbands head • Empress is burning at the stake in the background…Karma is a…. • Use of atmospheric perspective

  31. Wrongful Exevution of the Count Dirck Bouts 1470-75 Oil on Wood

  32. Justice of Otto III Dirck Bouts 1470-75 Oil on Wood

  33. Portinari Altarpiece • Hugo Van Der Goes • Dean of the painters guild in Ghent • Commissioned by Tommaso Portinari • Head of the Medici bank • Wings contain the Portinari family • Nativity • Glass vessel = Mary’s womb • Blue flowers remind Mary of future sorrows • Scattered violets symbolize humility

  34. Portinari Altarpiece (Open) Hugo van der Goes 1474-76 Oil on Wood

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