Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood

1. Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood Chapter 8

2. Erik Erikson’s Stage-Initiative vs. Guilt • Psychological conflict of Early Childhood • Resolved positively through play experiences that foster healthy sense of initiative and development of conscience that is not overly strict • Play is important to preschoolers

3. Phallic Stage-Freud • Sexual impulses transfer to genital region of body • Oedipus Conflict-boy desires to posses mother and hostile towards father • Electra conflict-girl desires to posses father and feels hostile toward mother

4. Self Concept • Sum of total attributes, abilities, attitudes and values that an individual believes to help define who he/she is • Preschoolers-describe self using concrete terms (name, physical appearance, possession, and everyday behaviors) • Can describe emotions, and beliefs and attitudes by 3 ½. • Firmer sense of self allows for cooperation

5. Self-Esteem • Preschoolers usually rate on abilities as extremely high and underestimate difficulty of task. • Desire to master new skills • Even a little criticism can undermine a preschooler’s self-esteem and enthusiasm for learning

6. Emotional Development • Rise in self-conscious emotions such as shame, embarrassment, guilt, envy and pride • Preschoolers can interpret, predict, and change other’s feeling • Fears are common • Vivid imaginations

7. Empathy • Begins to develop at this age • Modeled after parents response to emotional event

8. Parten’s types of play • Nonsocial activity- unoccupied, onlooker behavior and solitary play • Parallel play-child plays near other children with similar materials but does not interact with them • Associative play-children are engaged in separate activities but they interact by exchanging toys and commenting on one another’s behavior • Cooperative play-occurs when children’s actions are directed toward a common goal

9. Sociodramatic play • Role play and dramatic play • Common during preschool years

10. First Friendships • Important in these years to social emotional development • Friendship-pleasurable play and sharing of toys-no long term enduring qualities at this time

11. Discipline • Positive reinforcement-model appropriate behavior, consistency with rules, warm and responsive • Punishment-can promote momentary compliance • Harsh punishment-models aggression, avoidance of punishing adult, should be avoided

12. Alternatives to Punishment • Time-out • Withdrawal of privileges • Positive discipline

13. Gender Typing • Developing gender roles • Age 2 children can label on gender and of other persons • Family teachers and peers and television can influence gender typing with preschoolers

14. Parenting Styles • Authoritative-rational, democratic approach • Happy, self-confident, and self-control in child Authoritarian- demanding and low in responsive to children’s needs. anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy and hostile Permissive-undemanding immature, have difficulty controlling impulses, overly demanding and depended on adults