1 / 39

Carbohydrate Basics

Carbohydrate Basics. Carbohydrates (Overview):. - essential components of all living things. - most abundant of the four major classes of biological molecules (other classes are proteins, nucleic acids and lipids).

marty
Download Presentation

Carbohydrate Basics

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Carbohydrate Basics

  2. Carbohydrates (Overview): • - essential components of all living things. • - most abundant of the four major classes of biological molecules (other classes are proteins, nucleic acids and lipids). • - range in complexity from simple 3-carbon sugars to enormous complexes containing hundreds of polysaccharide chains linked to a protein core. • - serve as metabolic intermediates, energy stores, and fuels. • - components of DNA and RNA (ribose and deoxyribose). • - major structural components of plants and animals • - bound to proteins (glycoproteins) and lipids (glycolipids). • - are important for an enormous number of vital cellular functions, including cell-cell recognition and signaling.

  3. Aldoses & Ketoses

  4. Chirality & Optical Activity The term chiral is used to describe an object (molecule) which is non-superimposable on its mirror image. Optical activity is the ability of a chiral molecule to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light, measured using a polarimeter. A simple polarimeter consists of a light source, polarizing lens, sample tube and analysing lens.

  5. * * * *

  6. Emil Fischer

  7. Enantiomers and Diastereomers • Molecules with the same molecular formulas and order of attachment of constituent atoms but which differ in the arrangement of these atoms in space are called stereoisomers. • Enantiomers are stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other. The mirror image of an enantiomer cannot be superimposed on itself. In general, enantiomers have identical chemical and physical properties and racemic mixtures of enantiomers are difficult to separate into the individual enantiomers. • Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other. In general they have different chemical and physical properties and can be separated from each other. If they differ at one chiral center then they are epimers.

  8. Resolution of a Racemic Mixture • Jean Baptiste Biot's young protegé, Louis Pasteur, was the first person to separate a racemic mixture of optical isomers. • He initially used tweezers to physically separate left- and right-handed crystals of tartaric acid. • Pasteur subsequently devised the still widely used procedure for resolving a mixture of optical isomers based on converting them to diastereomers with different chemical and physical properties. After separation of the diastereomers the original optical isomers are then regenerated.. Louis Pasteur

  9. CHO COOH Br2 H2O Oxidation: an aldonic acid ~~~ ~~~ Ketoses, such as fructose, are not oxidized. However, in alkaline solution both aldoses and ketoses are oxidized by either Ag+ (to give metalic silver) or by Cu+2 to to give Cu+. “reducing sugars”

  10. Another oxidation: CHO COOH dil. HNO3 CH2OH COOH An aldaric acid

  11. Reduction: CHO CH2OH NaBH4 an alditol ~~~ ~~~ CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH NaBH4 OH HO + CO ~~~ ~~~ ~~~

  12. Fig. 7-05, p.207

  13. Fig. 7-05, p.207

  14. Fehlings reaction for aldehyde(can also detect ketones after tautamerization)

  15. Fischer Projection Formulas

  16. Fig. 7-06, p.208

  17. Fig. 7-06, p.208

  18. Fig. 7-06, p.208

  19. Fig. 7-06, p.208

  20. Possible conformations: 2 chairs 4 boats 6 skews 12 half chairs

  21. * p.213

  22. Common Alditols Fig. 7-11, p.212

  23. Amino Sugars • Sugars with an amino group at C-2 are amino sugars. • They are found in many oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Figure 7.14

  24. Muramic acid Muramic acid is a component of the polysaccharides of cell membranes of higher organisms and also bacterial cell walls. Muramic acid is a glycosamine linked to a 3-carbon acid at C-3. (Murus is Latin for “wall”.) Figure 7.15 Structure of muramic acid.

  25. Sialic acids The N-acetyl and N-glycolyl derivatives of neuraminic acid are known as sialic acids. Figure 7.15 Two depictions of a sialic acid.

  26. Fig. 7-19, p.218

More Related