White substance of the Central Nervous System

1. White substance of the CentralNervous System

2. Unity of the Nervous System • Segments of the spinal cord • Segments of the brain • Integration apparatus • Integration centers • the cerebellar cortex • the tectum of the midbrain • the cortex of the cerebrum • Communicating centers • Nuclei • Conducting ways

3. Association fibres • Short (arcuate) • Long • Longitudinal • Upper • Lower • Hook-like (uncinate) • Belt (cingulum)

4. The long associative subcortical fibers • medullar strip (stria medullarus thalami)

5. The long associative subcortical fibers The fornix of the brain

6. The long associative subcortical fibers • medial longitudinal bundle (fasciculus longitudinalis medialis)

7. The long associative subcortical fibers • dorsal longitudinal bundle (fasciculus longitudinalis dorsalis)

8. Comissural fibres • The corpus callosum • Comissura • Anterior cerebral • Posterior cerebral • Fornical • Habenular • Thalamic

9. Comissural fibres Forceps anterior The corpus callosum radiatio Forceps posterior

10. Comissural fibres Comissura cerebri anterior

11. Comissural fibres • Comissura fornicis

12. Comissural fibres • Comissura cerebri posterior

13. Comissural fibres • Comissura habenularum

14. Comissural fibres • Adhesio intertalamica

15. The conducting ways • - these are the bundles of nerve fibers which connect the functionally uniform areas of grey substance in CNS, which occupy the specific place in the white substance of brain and spinal cord and conduct identical impulses

16. Conducting ways • cycle of neurons • part of the complex reflex arches

17. Projectionconducting ways • ascending,sensitive, afferent, centripetal • descending,motor, efferent, centrifugal

18. Ascending conductingways -from the contactreceptors -from the distantreceptors

19. Ascending conducting ways • from exteroceptors • from interoceptors • from proprioceptors

20. Exteroceptive conducting ways • the hearing • the static • the kinetic • the vision • the sense of smell • the taste • the tactile sensitivity • the pain • the temperature • the pressure • the vibration

21. Proprioceptive conducting ways • to the cortex • Goll’s • Burdach’s • to the cerebellum • Flechsig’s • Gower’s

22. Descending ways • pyramidal • Corticonuclear • corticopontine • corticospinal • extrapyramidal • tractustectospinalis • tractusrubrospinalis • tractusreticulospinalis • tractusvestibulospinalis

23. Internalcapsule • 1.Tractus frontotalamicus • 2.Tractus frontopontinus • 3.Tractus corticonuclearis • 4.Tractus corticospinalis • 5.Tractus spinocorticalis • 6.Parietooccipitotemporo-pontinus • 7.Radiatio acustica • 8.Radiatio optica 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

24. Medial loop (lemniscus medialis, sensory loop)

25. Ascending tractsExteroseptive conducting waysTractus ganglio-spino-thalamo-corticalis • Receptor • Nerve • Ganglion spinale (I) • Spinal cord (II) • Decussation • Lateralfuniculus • Stemof the brain (medialloop) • Thalamus (III) • Internalcapsule • Cortex ( IV)

26. Ascending tractsExteroseptive conducting ways(THE SENSE OF TOUCH, STEREOGNOSIS) • the receptor • the nerve • the ganglion spinale (I) • spinal cord • the posterior funiculus • fasciculus gracilis • fasciculus cuneatus • the medulla oblongata (nucleus gracilis and cuneatus- II) • the decussation • the medial loop • the thalamus (III) • the internal capsule (5th segment) • the cortex (postcentral gyrus / lobulus parietalis superior – IV)

27. Tractusganglio-bulbo-thalamo-corticalismusculoarticular senseGoll’s – 12 upper segments; Burdach’s – 19 lower • Receptor • Nerve • Ganglion spinale (I) • Spinal cord • Posterior funiculus • Fasciculus gracilis • Fasciculus cuneatus • The medulla oblongata (nucleus gracilis and cuneatus - II) • Decussation • Medial loop • Thalamus (III) • Internal capsule • Cortex (IV)

28. Tractus gangliospinocerebellarisFlechsig’s – direct, posteriorMusculoarticular sense • the receptor • the ganglion spinale (I) • the nerve • the spinal cord (II) – n. thoracicus • the lateral funiculus • the lower peduncle of the cerebellum • the cerebellum –vermis (III)

29. Tractus gangliospinocerebellarisGovers’s – indirect, anteriorMusculoarticular sense • the receptor • the nerve • the ganglion spinale (I) • the spinal cord (II)- n. intermediomedialis • the decussation • the lateral funiculus • the stem of the brain • the decussation of the upper peduncle of the cerebellum • the cerebellum –vermis (III)

30. Descending tractsPyramidal tractsThe corticospinal tractsTractuscorticospinalislateralis /anterior • the cortex (I) • the internal capsule (4th segment) • the brain stem • the pyramid • the decussation • the 80%- lateral • 20% without the crossing over - anterior • anterior horn (II) • the nerve • the muscle

31. Descending tracts Tractus corticonuclearis the cortex (I) the internal capsule (3rd segment - genu) the brainstem motor nuclei of the cranial nerves (II) the muscles

32. Descending tracts Tractus corticopontocerebellaris • the cortex (I) (tr.frontopontinus, tr.occipitopontinus, tr.parietopontinus, tr.temporopontinus) • the internal capsule (2nd or 6th segments) • nn. pontini proprii (II) • the decussation in the pons • middle cerebellar peduncle • cortex of the cerebellum (III)

33. Extrapyramidal tractsTractus tectospinalis • the tectum (I) • the decussation in the tegmentum • the anterior funiculus • the anterior horn (II) • the nerve • the muscle

34. Extrapyramidal tractsTractus vestibulospinalis • n. vestibularis lateralis (I) • the lateral funiculus • the anterior horn (II) • the nerve • the muscle

35. Extrapyramidal tractsTractus rubrospinalis • the midbrain – n. ruber (I) • the decussation of the upper colliculus • the lateral funiculus • the anterior horn (II) • the nerve • the muscle

36. Extrapyramidal tractsTractus reticulospinalis • the reticular formation of the tegmentum (I) • the lateral funiculus • the anterior horn (II) • the nerve • the muscle

37. Tractus сerebellorubrospinalis • the cerebellar cortex (I) • n. dentatus (II) • the decussation of the upper peduncle of the cerebellum • the midbrain – n. ruber (III) • the decussation of the upper colliculus • the lateral funiculus • the anterior horn (IV) • the nerve • the muscle

38. Laws governingthe structure of the conducting ways • All ways accomplishthe decussation • All sensitive waysconduct impulses to the thalamic nuclei • All ways pass throughthe internal capsule • Name is comprised ofthe names of places of the accumulation of the bodies of the neurons • Each analyzer hasits own conducting way