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Science TERM 1. LIFE AND LIVING. The Systems of the Earth. Divide your page into four, with each of the titles below. As you watch the videos add information. 1. Geosphere (Lithosphere) 2. Biosphere 3. Hydrosphere 4. Atmosphere Websites:
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ScienceTERM 1 LIFE AND LIVING
The Systems of the Earth • Divide your page into four, with each of the titles below. As you watch the videos add information. 1. Geosphere (Lithosphere) 2. Biosphere 3. Hydrosphere 4. Atmosphere Websites: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMxjzWHbyFM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXh_7wbnS3A
The biosphere is a group of different areas where life exists on earth. The biosphere can be divided into smaller units called ecosystems. An ecosystem can be large or small. The Biosphere This is the layer of gases around the earth. These gases are necessary for life on earth. The atmosphere This is made up of all the water on earth. It includes all the rivers, dams, oceans and underground water. The hydrosphere This is made up of all the rocks and soils on the earth’s crust including the seabed. The lithosphere
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpO52VTHecQ THE SEVEN LIFE PROCESSES Watch the video and fill in the different bubbles.
Reproduction Movement Nutrition (Feeding) THE SEVEN LIFE PROCESSES Sensitivity to the environment Growth Excretion Respiration (Breathing)
Reproduction Animals moving from place to place to find food/shelter/avoid danger. Plants move very slowly, when growing. They also move when they are responding to light. Producing new individuals. Movement
Plants make their own food. Animals eat plants or other animals. All living things increase in size as they grow into adults. Energy production. Living things breaking down food to produce energy. Nutrition (Feeding) Growth Respiration (Breathing)
Waste substances removed from the body. Living things react to changes or stimuli in the environment, (sneezing to remove dust). Sensitivity to the environment Excretion
ENERGY: allows organisms to do things such as grow or move. The ultimate source is the sun. Plants make their own food during the process photosynthesis. Animals can not make their own food. REQUIREMENTS FOR SUSTAINING LIFE GAS: carbon dioxide and oxygen are found in the atmosphere; and dissolved in water. Most organisms need oxygen. Plants and animals use it to break down food to release energy. Plants need CO2 for photosynthesis.
WATER: this is needed to survive. Water carries food and chemicals, it helps get rid of waste and cools you down. Plants need water to grow, for photosynthesis. SOIL: plants need soil. They get water and nutrients from it. Animals live in soil and help improve the quality of the soil. FAVOURABLE TEMPERATURES: Earth’s stable temperatures sustain life. Species grow best at a particular temperature. (Eg: Polar bears live better in a cooler climate.)
ADAPTATIONS • Characteristics that help a living thing survive in its environment. • Animals and plants are well adapted to their environments. • Adaptations are passed on to their young. • Organisms that are not well adapted will have less chance of surviving/reproducing. • AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: Well adapted plants/animals eg: fish and seaweed etc. • DESERT ENVIRONMENT: Well adapted plants/animals eg gemsbok, camelthorn, social weavers.
Topic 1 Revision pg 8 • DO TOPIC 1 REVISION pg 8 “Test yourself” questions 1-4 (not f) • NOT “Science language activity”
Memo for test yourself • A) The biosphere is all the areaon earth where life is found. B) hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere. C) they are all non living. D) Earth consists of four main systems that togetherfunction as an ecosystem. An ecosystem is all living thingsand non living thingsin their environmentand the ways that theyinteract. Even though earth is made up of many different ecosystems, they are not isolated and there are links between them. 2. Fish have fins for swimming. Gills for breathing, and streamlined bodies. 3. A) it has a long thin beak B) it had bright feathers C) wings covered with feathers
4) • Temperature • Growth of seedling • It needs to be a fair test. • Plants grow better in a warmer temperature. • A- 0 B- 0 C-2,5cm D- 4cm
Homework video clips Preparation for our experiment on page 5: Understanding Independent vs. Dependent variables. Watch this video clip: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqj0rJEf3Ew Write no less than 10 sentences explaining what you have learnt in this video, you may use the examples in the video to assist with your explanation. ANOTHER LINK: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_VdOB4JJE_8 There
Understanding variables in experiments (Write DAY AFTER VIDEO CLIP WATCH AND PARAGRAPH) Write the following in your books: What are variables: A variable is any factor that can be controlled, changed, or measured in an experiment. The two main variables in an experiment are the independent and dependent variable. (you have watched the video clips for homework and have the cards pasted in the front of your books) Independent variable: Dependent variable: Controlled Variable is a variable that does not change during an experiment.
How to tell variables apart (extra information) The independent and dependent variables may be viewed in terms of cause and effect. If the independent variable is changed, then an effect is seen in the dependent variable. Remember, the values of both variables may change in an experiment and are recorded. The difference is that the value of the independent variable is controlled by the experimenter, while the value of the dependent variable only changes in response to the independent variable. An example: a scientist wants to see if the brightness of light has any effect on a moth being attracted to the light. The brightness of the light is controlled by the scientist. This would be the independent variable. How the moth reacts to the different light levels (distance to light source) would be the dependent variable.
This Experiment: In an experiment measuring the effect of temperature on solubility (see photo. below) Independent variable: theindependent variable is temperature. Dependent variable: In the experiment measuring the effect of temperature on solubility, solubility would be the dependent variable. Controlled variable: The controlled variable could include the source of water used in the experiment, the size and type of containers used to mix chemicals, and the amount of mixing time allowed for each solution.
Variables continued (WRITE IN BOOKS, use colour!) Remembering Variables With DRYMIX • TheDRY MIX acronym can help keep the variables straight: • D is the dependent variableR is the responding variableY is the axis on which the dependent or responding variable is graphed (the vertical axis) • M is the manipulated variable or the one that is changed in an experimentI is the independent variableX is the axis on which the independent or manipulated variable is graphed (the horizontal axis)
Biodiversity The variety of living organisms in a particular area is called its biodiversity. An Environment with many different plants and animals has a high biodiversity. Do activity 1 page 9.
Answers activity 1 PG 9 MEMO 3. Any two. All have legs. ..etc 4. Any two. All have green leaves. 5. 6. High biodiversity
Classification of living organisms (IN BOOKS) Classification system Classify - put into groups with objects that are similar. Example Clothes: skirt, shirt, t shirt Kitchen utensils: spoon, fork, plates.
Classification of living organisms • Biological classification: To group organisms, biologists look at important features or characteristics that the organisms share. • Taxonomy:branch of science that is concerned with classification. • Biologists divide organisms into five groups called kingdoms (highest category in taxonomic classification) • Bacteria • Protists • Fungi • Plants • Animals Provide a brief definition of each kingdom, include the number of different organisms in each of the five kingdoms. Pg 11 (MEMO ON NEXT SLIDE)
Bacteria: 4000: a member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms which have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus, including some which can cause disease. • Protists: 150000: Protozoans, algae, and slime molds belong to a group of living things called protists, or protoctists. Protists are not animals, plants, fungi, or bacteria. Many protists are so small that people can see them only through a microscope. • Fungi: 66000:any member of the kingdom of living things (as mushrooms, molds, and rusts) that have no chlorophyll, must live in or on plants, animals, or decaying material, and were formerly considered plants. • Plants: 290000: one of a large group of living things that use sunlight to make their own food. Most plants have leaves, stems, roots and either flowers or cones. • Animals: 12000000:An animal is a living creature that breathes and can move around on its own.
KEEP PONDS CLEAN OR FROGS GROW SICK KINGDOM HIGHEST LEVEL • Seven taxonomic levels to classify all living organisms PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES LOWEST LEVEL Read page 12 to see how a lion and elephant are organised. What is similar? What is different?
Activity 4 PG 13 Atable similar to the one on page 13. Read the information provided about the differences between plant and animal. As you read, write down the differences into your table.
VERTEBRATES: single phylum; five classes FISH: • aquatic organisms. • cold blooded. • live in fresh water/sea water. • gills exchange gases with water. • body = head, trunk, tail. (streamline - helps fish move through water easily) • reproduction = eggs (no shells) • body = scales • fins attached to body. These provide balance and steering. • some fish have teeth. • nostrils with blind endings enable fish to smell. • fertilisation is external which means the egg and sperm are released into water where they join together. • young are (usually) not cared for by parents.
AMPHIBIANS: • frogs, toads, salamander etc • Cold - blooded • body = head, trunk. • most have 4 legs. • life is spent in water or on land. (amphibious) • external fertilisation. female lays eggs in water and male releases sperm over them, tadpoles hatch and go through metamorphosis from larval stage that has gills and tail to adult stage, no lungs/tail. • nostrils lead to lungs. • limbs have webbed feet which help with swimming, walking, hopping.
REPTILES • Cold blooded • Found in almost every habitat, except Antarctica. Most live on land. • Body = head, neck, trunk, tail. • 4 legs (usually), scales. • Teeth with no roots. • Eggs with shells. Internal fertilisation - male deposits sperm inside females body. Female lay eggs with soft leathery shells, in the sand. No parental care.
Birds • Warm blooded: maintain constant body temperature. • Lay eggs, hard protective shell. Parents sit on to keep them warm. • Feathers, wings, beak • Most birds can fly. • Birds are found in ecosystems, from Artic to Antarctic. • Legs covered with scales.
mammals • many different types of animals in this group, and they are able to live in almost any habitat. • Camels - hot desert; polar bear - Arctic. • their limbs are adapted to their lifestyle. • Mammals are very diverse , they do still share characteristics. • Nostrils lead to lungs. • They produce milk in mammary glands which is used to suckle the young. • give birth to live young. • body is covered with hair or fur, keeps the animal warm. • warm blooded • fertilisation is internal. Female carries baby inside body during pregnancy. They care for their young.
INVERTEBRATES • no back bone (add characteristics while of after watching the video clip) • https://youtu.be/rzxFTrktN1c
MOLLUSCS • Soft body animals such as snails. • they usually have a head and foot region and the body is covered by a hard shell. • majority of molluscs live in the sea. • molluscs range from species that are microscopic to giant squid (270kg) • ALL MOLLUSCS HAVE: • soft bodies • internal/external shell • muscular foot/tentacles • radula = tooth structure in mouth used to grate food. DO ACTIVITY 7
USE A CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION: • Putting things with similar characteristics into groups. KEY? • biologists classify using things called keys. A key is used to identify living things. • If you found an organism that you did not recognise, you could use a key, to identify it based on its characteristics. • DICHOTOMOUS KEYS: made up of contrasting statements. • The statements are written in a diagram called a branching key/numbered key. You choose the statement that is true of the living thing.
DIVERSITY OF PLANTS • The major characteristic that separates plants from animals is that they make their own food. • They use sunlight, carbon dioxide, water and minerals to make food. • 290 000 species • plants are classified into groups Copy the mind map on page 22 into your books.
spore producing plants • Mosses and ferns do not produce flowers or seeds. • They produce special structures called spores - these are used for reproduction. • Ferns: spores develop sori (spore producing structures) that grow on the lower surface of the leaf.
