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Power Transmission on the Lunar Surface Trade Study

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Power Transmission on the Lunar Surface Trade Study

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    1. Power Transmission on the Lunar Surface Trade Study Frank Kraemer University of Florida Mentor: Rafael Soto

    2. Purpose To evaluate several means of transmitting power [from a nuclear reactor on the lunar surface] to a nearby habitat while minimizing launch mass and, hence, cost.

    3. Introduction Current plans implement the use of a cable to deliver energy across the moon, however this may not be the most cost-effective means. This study investigates the promise of wireless power transmission in the form of microwave and laser beams using the cable data as a baseline.

    4. Assumptions 8 metric ton maximum payload Radiation Dose 5 rem/year at habitat; 50 rem/year elsewhere Costs to reach the moon are estimated at $90,000 per kilogram

    5. Cable Pros Known technology High efficiency transmission Cons Heavy Hard to lay out over uneven terrain Fixed location

    6. Microwave Pros Can beam over rough topography Can relocate beam to desired mobile (?) target Well researched and proven technology Cons Greater distance must be countered significantly by larger aperture size (more mass)

    7. LASER Pros Can relocate beam to desired mobile (?) target Smaller and lighter components High potential efficiency gain with technological advancement Cons Extremely low conversion efficiency (DC to LASER and back) Massive waste heat dissipation Shorter lifecycle

    8. Weighing the Options

    9. Mental Model

    10. Trades Distance for Shielding Efficiency for Distance Wavelength for Efficiency Mass for Power @ Habitat Number of Launches for Power @ Habitat

    11. Influence Diagram

    12. STELLA Stock and flow modeling is employed Allows for adjusting parameters Reveals graphical and tabular feedback

    13. Flow of Energy

    14. Model First Step

    15. Model Second Step

    16. Model Third Step

    17. Model Fourth Step

    18. Model Equation

    19. User Interface

    20. Results After running the model, mass tables were created and graphically represented as follows

    21. Mass Comparison

    22. Mass Comparison

    23. Mass Comparison

    24. Mass Comparison

    25. Increase in Conversion Efficiency through Advancement Better Klystron and Magnetron (DC to MW) ~ 75%, up to 85% Better Rectenna (MW to DC) ~ 80%, up to 85% Better Stacked Diode (DC to LASER) ~ 60%, up to 70% Better Photovoltaic (LASER to DC) ~ 58%, up to 63%

    26. Possible Technological Advances

    27. Possible Technological Advances

    28. Findings Optimal Frequency Microwave 5.8 GHz Optimal Wavelength Laser 800-900nm Optimal Distance 4 km A 90 reactor shielding angle (1p) in the direction of habitat would significantly reduce shield mass

    29. Conclusion This study has found both microwave and laser technologies to be exceedingly competitive with the cable baseline in the order of a 20-40% mass decrease. The risks associated with developing technologies beyond the state of the practice seem to be outweighed by the high potential benefits indicated by this research.

    30. Recommendation Challenges certainly exist in the field Suggested of areas of study are: Increasing MW aperture component (klystrons and magnetrons) efficiencies DC to LASER conversion (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency [DARPA] Super High Efficiency Diode Sources [SHEDS]) Photovoltaic efficiency With such improvements, high power transmission can drop an additional 20% in mass compared to this studys findings.

    31. Acknowledgement Dr. Robert Cataldo NASA Glenn Research Center Dr. David Criswell University of Houston Dr. Steve Howe Idaho National Laboratory Dr. Jordin Kare Kare Technical Consulting Mr. Rafael Soto Idaho National Laboratory

    32. Questions

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