Table of Contents

1. Table of Contents • The Properties of Water • Water on Earth • Surface Water • Wetland Environments • Water Underground

2. - The Properties of Water The Structure of Water • The positive hydrogen ends of one water molecule attract the negative oxygen ends of nearby water molecules. As a result, the water molecules tend to stick together.

3. - The Properties of Water Changing State • Ice is solid water, the familiar form of water is a liquid, and the water vapor in the air is a gas.

4. - The Properties of Water Changing State • Water moves between the liquid and gaseous states by evaporation and condensation. Water moves between the liquid and solid states by freezing and melting.

5. Key Terms: Key Terms: Examples: Examples: evaporation solution solvent condensation specific heat - The Properties of Water Building Vocabulary • A definition states the meaning of a word or phrase by telling about its most important feature or function. After you read the section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use the information you have learned to write a definition of each Key Term in your own words. Key Terms: Examples: polar molecule Evaporation is the process by which molecules at the surface of a liquid absorb enough energy to change to the gaseous state. A molecule that has electrically charged areas is a polar molecule. A solution is a mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another. capillary action The combined force of attraction among water molecules and with the molecules of surrounding materials is called capillary action. The substance that does the dissolving is called the solvent. The process by which a gas changes to a liquid is called condensation. surface tension Surface tension is the tightness across the surface of water that is caused by the polar molecules pulling on one another. Specific heat is the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of a certain mass of a substance by 1ºC.

6. - The Properties of Water Links on Water Properties • Click the SciLinks button for links on water properties.

7. - The Properties of Water Universal Solvent • Click the Video button to watch a movie aboutuniversal solvent.

8. - The Properties of Water Changing State • Click the Video button to watch a movie aboutchanging state.

9. End of Section:Properties of Water

10. - Water on Earth Distribution of Earth’s Water • Most of Earth’s water–roughly 97 percent–is salt water found in oceans.

11. - Water on Earth Distribution of Earth’s Water • Only three percent of Earth’s water is fresh water.

12. - Water on Earth The Water Cycle • In the water cycle, water moves from bodies of water, land, and living things on Earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back to Earth’s surface.

13. - Water on Earth Water Cycle Activity • Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the water cycle.

14. - Water on Earth Identifying Main Ideas • As you read the section “Distribution of Earth’s Water,” write the main idea in a graphic organizer like the one below. Then write four supporting details that further explain the main idea. Main Idea Earth’s water is distributed among oceans, rivers and lakes, and groundwater. Detail Detail Detail Detail Oceans in the form of salt water, in which 97 percent of Earth’s water is found. Ice in the form of icebergs near the North Pole and South Pole Rivers and lakes, which contain the smallest amount of fresh water on Earth. Groundwater, which fills cracks and spaces in underground soil and rock layers.

15. End of Section:Water on Earth

16. - Surface Water River Systems • A river and all of its tributaries make up a river system.

17. - Surface Water River Systems • The land area that supplies water to a river system is called a watershed.

18. - Surface Water Ponds and Lakes • Ponds and lakes are bodies of still fresh water. Ponds often support a wide diversity of living things.

19. - Surface Water How Lakes Can Change • In addition to seasonal changes, a lake can undergo long-term changes that may eventually lead to its death. These long-term changes are called eutrophication.

20. - Surface Water Outlining Surface Water • As you read, make an outline about this section. Use the red headings for the main ideas and the blue headings for the supporting ideas. • River Systems • Tributaries • Watersheds • Divides • Ponds and Lakes • Exploring a Pond • Exploring a Lake • Lake Formation • How Lakes Can Change • Seasons Changes • Long-Term Changes • Death of a Body of Fresh Water

21. - Surface Water More on Surface Water • Click the PHSchool.com button for an activityabout surface water.

22. End of Section:Surface Water

23. - Wetland Environmentss The Everglades: A Wetland • Water is the key to the Everglades, a unique region of grassy wetlands. The Everglades is a shallow stream of water that moves slowly over the land from Lake Okeechobee south to Florida Bay.

24. - Wetland Environmentss The Everglades: A Wetland • A rich variety of living things make their homes in the Everglades.

25. - Wetland Environmentss Asking Questions • Before you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a what or how question for each heading. As you read, write answers to your questions. Answer Question What are the types of wetlands? The three types of wetlands are marshes, swamps, and bogs. What is the Everglades? The Everglades is a region of wetlands stretching from Lake Okeechobee south to Florida Bay. How are wetlands important? They provide habitats for many living things and have many functions useful to people.

26. - Wetland Environmentss Links on Wetlands • Click the SciLinks button for links on wetlands.

27. End of Section:Wetland Environments

28. - Water Underground How Water Moves Underground • Water underground trickles down between particles of soil and through cracks and spaces in layers of rock.

29. - Water Underground Uses of Water • The graph shows water use in the United States. Each category of water use is represented by a different wedge. Use the graph to answer the questions below.

30. 4 Reading Graphs: How many categories of water use are shown on the graph? - Water Underground Uses of Water

31. 80.5% Interpreting Data: The two largest categories of water use combine to make up what percentage of the total water used in the United States? - Water Underground Uses of Water

32. Agriculture; industries and mining Interpreting Data: Which of the categories of water use shown in the graph represents the largest use of water in the United States? Which represents the smallest? - Water Underground Uses of Water

33. The percentage for agriculture would increase, and the percentage for all the other uses would decrease. Predicting: How would an increase in the amount of farming affect this graph? - Water Underground Uses of Water

34. About 495 billion liters Calculating: If the total daily usage of water in the United States is 1,280 billion liters, about how many liters are used each day by power plants? - Water Underground Uses of Water

35. - Water Underground Bringing Up Groundwater • People can obtain groundwater from an aquifer by drilling a well below the water table. They may also obtain water through pressure by digging an artesian well or from a spring.

36. - Water Underground Previewing Visuals • Before you read, preview Figure 22. Then write two questions you have about the diagram in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, answer your questions. Bringing Up Groundwater Q. What is an artesian well? A. It is a well in which water rises because of pressure within an aquifer. Q. Where does the water that supplies a well come from? A. Underground water comes from precipitation that trickles down between particles of soil and through cracks and spaces in layers of rock.

37. - Water Underground Links on Water Underground • Click the SciLinks button for links on water underground.

38. End of Section:Water Underground

39. Graphic Organizer Water evaporates. Water condenses to form clouds. Water runs off into the ocean. Water falls to Earth’s surface as precipitation.

40. End of Section:Graphic Organizer