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Historical Overview of E.M.

Historical Overview of E.M. Pre-World War II--Ad Hoc Disaster Relief Era Post-World War II--Preparedness Era Response and Recovery Era Mitigation Era. Pre-World War II Era. No continuous Federal Government Role Congressional Disaster Relief Bills: ~100

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Historical Overview of E.M.

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  1. Historical Overview of E.M. • Pre-World War II--Ad Hoc Disaster Relief Era • Post-World War II--Preparedness Era • Response and Recovery Era • Mitigation Era

  2. Pre-World War II Era • No continuous Federal Government Role • Congressional Disaster Relief Bills: ~100 • Civil Defense Councils created in WW I • 1928 Lower MISS. Flood Control Act • 1933 Earthquake Measure • 1934 Highway Damage Repair • 1936 National Flood Control Act

  3. World War II Civil Defense • In Department of War--Focused on: • Air raid watch, warning, alert systems • Rescue units • Shelter management • Public Information • Volunteer Training

  4. Early Post World War II • Refusal to implement Federal program • International Atmosphere Sours • Federal Civil Defense Administration, 1950

  5. Disaster Relief Act of 1950 • Permanent Disaster Relief Program • Philosophy--Supplement S&L Efforts • Funding for State/Local Govt only • Cost-Sharing Introduced • Authority to Declare -- The President

  6. Civil Defense Policy Changes • Blast Shelter Program Proposals • Evacuation Program Proposals • Evacuation Policy Questioned • Joint Federal-State/local Responsibility • 50/50 Matching P&A Program • Fallout Shelter Program

  7. President Kennedy and CD • CD as Insurance Policy-Deterrence Failure • Identify Existing Fallout Shelter Space • License, Mark and Stock Shelters • Upgrade Sub-Standard Shelter Spaces • Construct Shelters in Deficit Areas • Home Shelter Construction Information

  8. 1960s and 1970s • Dual-Use • Hurricane Camille • Crisis Relocation Planning • Tropical Storm Agnes • National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act • National Governor’s Association Report on E.P. • Three Mile Island

  9. Governor’s Association Rpt • Consolidate Disperse Federal Programs • Greater State/Local Fund Discretion • Adopt Comprehensive Emergency Mgmt. • Mitigation & Recovery--Greater Attention

  10. 1979: FEMA Created • Consolidating Myriad Federal Programs • Prime Role in Federal Disaster Policy • Coordinator of Federal Disaster Response • All-Hazards Approach comes to the fore

  11. 1980: Superfund LawLocate, Investigate, Clean-Up Worst Sites • Established prohibitions/requirements for closed/ abandoned hazardous waste sites. • Provided for liability of those responsible for releases of hazardous waste sites. • Established clean-up trust fund where no responsible party found.

  12. 1986: CERCLA SARA Title III • Look for permanent/innovative solutions. • Consider other Environmental laws. • New Enforcement authorities. • More State involvement. • More focus on human health problems. • Increased size of trust fund to $8.5 billion. • Greater citizen participation--LEPC’s

  13. CD: Going, Going -- Gone • 1980: Title V, Civil Defense Act of 1950 • 1982: President Reagan $4.2B NSDD • 1983: IEMS • 1987: Presidential Policy Guidance-Surge • 1993: Civil Defense Act Abolished

  14. Disaster Response Era • 1988 Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief Act • 1989: Hurricane Hugo Criticism • 1990: Federal Response Plan Draft • 1992: Hurricane Andrew Criticism

  15. James Lee Witt Era • Mitigation to the Forefront • Reforms Disaster Relief Apparatus • Customer Service Becomes FEMA Priority • Project Impact--Disaster Resistant Comn.

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