AP REVIEW PART I COLONIZATION TO RECONSTRUCTION

1. AP REVIEW PART I COLONIZATION TO RECONSTRUCTION

2. Pre-Colonial America • Conquistadors – 3 G’s • Smallpox and the start of slavery leads to…….deaths of millions of Natives • In the new global economic system Europe has everything: • Labor • Technology • Markets • Capital • BUT? Raw Materials

3. Early English Settlements • Jamestown – 1607 (Virginia Company) • First successful settlement** • Joint-stock company: a group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the king • English not prepared – high death rates from starvation and disease (wife jerky) • Indian relations – one sided benefit

4. Growth of Virginia (Chesapeake Region) • John Rolfe – King tobacco • Impacts of success • Creates need for more land = end of New England Indians (What was this last War called?) King Philips War • Creates need for more labor = indentured servants • Profitability draws more colonists • Begins southern single crop dependence • Irony of 1619 • Virginia House of Burgess (first step to self-gov) • First shipment of African slaves

5. Pilgrims and Mass Bay Company • Puritan movement in England creates need for new religion • Separatists leave England to create a new community in the Americas – Mayflower 1620 • Mayflower Compact – governments power comes from the consent of the governed

6. Mass Bay Colony • Congregationalists (change church from within ) form larger colony in 1629 (better funded & prepared) • Congregationalists and Separatists do not tolerate religious freedom (IRONIC?) • *Roger Williams banished (creates Rhode Island) • Two big things about RI • Religious freedom for all • Very Democratic • Anne Hutchinson banished for preaching antinomianism (belief that those predestined need not obey secular laws)

7. City Upon a Hill – John Winthrop • American exceptionalism is the idea that the United States and the American people hold a special place in the world, by offering opportunity and hope for humanity, derived from a unique balance of public and private interests governed by constitutional ideals that are focused on personal and economic freedom.

8. Growth of American Slavery • Indentured Servants • Primary source of labor until Bacon’s rebellion (why did they rebel?) poor land, no opportunity • African Slaves • Initially expensive with similar contracts to indentured servants • After Bacon, viewed as a less troublesome labor force • Develops into ‘modern’ version with elimination of rights and permanent (hereditary) status as property • Legal in all colonies by 1700

9. Relationship between the Colonies and Britain • Policy of salutary neglect stimulates autonomy and self-government while fueling mercantilism (what is this?) Gain power through gold/silver • (how did the British government enforce?) Navigation Acts to control shipping • European struggles for power move to America • French Indian War (fought for control over?) Ohio Valley • Albany Plan (purpose?) colonial unity and common defense • Treaty of Paris 1763 (outcome for France?) No territory in North America • Proclamation of 1763 (angers the colonists – why?) prohibits colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains

10. Acts for Revenue Sugar Act (1st) Stamp Act (Most protest) Townshend Acts Acts for Control Quartering Act Declaratory Act Intolerable Act Colonial responses Stamp Act Congress Boston Massacre Sons of liberty Boston Tea Party Committees of correspondence First / Second Continental Congress Pre-Revolution Issues What was virtual representation? All members of Parliament represent all British subjects.

11. Outcomes of American Revolution • Treaty of Paris 1783 • Independence / Territory / Resumption of Trade • New Government • Articles of Confederation • Weak = no executive, no power to tax, collect, or borrow, no power to regulate trade (BIG) • NW Ordinance • Why is this important in the long run? Rules for territories and states • Problems lead to Constitutional Convention

12. Creation of a Constitution • Compromise = Key • NJ Plan: Articles of Conf with more power • VA Plan: Three branches, bicameral leg, proportional reps • Great (Connecticut) Compromise: Proportional rep + uniform rep • 3/5 Compromise: Settles rep and tax status of slaves • No slave discussion till 1807

13. Adoption of the Constitution • Federalist vs. Antifederalist • Bill of Rights (protect who from what?) people from too strong of a government • GW – First President • Jefferson vs. Hamilton • Interpretation of the Constitution (strict vs. loose) • Assumption, National Bank, (challenge what?) • Formation of two-party system

14. #2 John Adams • Federalist Agenda • Characteristics of a Federalist • Interpretation? Loose interpretation • Foreign relations? Favored Britain over France • Peace (X,Y,Z and Convention of 1800) • Eliminate opposition (Alien & Sedition) • KY / VA resolutions = nullification • Pack the courts (Judiciary Act of 1801) • Marbury v. Madison establishes the principle of ? • Judicial review

15. #3 Thomas Jefferson • Revolution of 1800 • Legacy • Louisiana Purchase / Lewis & Clark • Leaves federalist programs intact • Leaves problem with France/Britain to Madison (Embargo of 1807 – causes what?)

16. MADISON Macon’s Bill No 2 War of 1812 Who supports? South/West Who doesn’t? NE Treaty of Ghent Tariff of 1816 Goal? Protect American industry MONROE Henry Clay – American System Components? Protect/promote business Internal improvements National Bank/Tariffs Panic of 1819 Era of Good Feelings Purpose of the name? No political opposition Missouri Compromise Monroe Doctrine #4 James Madison /#5 James Monroe

17. #6 John Quincy Adams • Corrupt Bargain (Why named?) • (Clay = Sec of State) • Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abomination) • Political football – Scheme to create lose/lose for Adams • NE oks to protect industry • South deeply upset – major consumers of manufactured goods • Potential intrusion into slavery – loss of prestige/power in federal government • Calhoun authors “The Exposition” – VP (argument for?) state’s rights • Policies increase voter turnout and create the “Era of the Common Man” (return to the ideals of?) Jefferson

18. Ideals Jeffersonian Rags to riches Spoils system Executive leadership Union first Actions Nullification crisis (over what?) tariff policy SC vs. US Indian relocation Role of the Supreme Court Bank of US #7 Andrew Jackson

19. 1830s-1860:Westward Expansion & Sectionalism • Aroostook War (who vs. who?) Maine vs. Canada over border disputes • Manifest Destiny (what is this?) God given right to expand • Why was Oregon annexed peacefully, but not Texas? (why did it take so long for Texas to be a state?) controversy of expansion of slavery

20. 1830s-1860:Westward Expansion & Sectionalism • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (who got what?) • New Mexico, California to US for $15m • Rio Grande border of Texas • Wilmot Proviso (purpose?) no slavery in territories acquired in war with Mexico • Ostend Manifest (what?) secret offer to buy Cuba from Spain

21. MVB Harrison Tyler Polk (best example of?) Manifest Destiny Taylor Fillmore Pierce Buchanan Presidents #8-15

22. People and Events Second Great Awakening (sets the foundation for?) social reform • Mormons (why persecuted?) emphasis on community and cooperative effort • Joseph Smith • Brigham Young • Utopian communities (desire for?) social, religious or economic perfection

23. People and Events • Seneca Falls Convention (1848) (purpose?) expand rights of women until Civil War (switch to abolition) • Cult of domesticity (who, what?) glorified traditional role of women as wives and mothers • Noah Webster (contribution?) standardized American language • Horace Mann (goal of public education?) create informed citizens

24. Abolition and Coming Crisis • Compromise of 1850 (conditions?) California in as free state Stronger fugitive slave law Utah and NM open to ‘popular sovereignty’ No slave trade in Washington, D.C. • Fugitive Slave Law (Northern response?) Increased abolitionism • Harriet Beecher Stowe (who, what, importance?) Intended to show cruelty of slavery

25. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) (example of?) popular sovereignty (let territory residents decide whether to allow slavery) Creates increased northern opposition to slavery Creates birth of Republican Party Expands violence in Kansas • Know-Nothings (platform?) nativism Dred Scott Decision slaves not citizens, and Congress can’t regulate expansion of slavery Republican Party (platform?) no expansion of slavery Abolition and Coming Crisis

26. Civil War and Reconstruction • Secession (event?)1860 election of Lincoln • Comparing North & South (advantages?) • North: RR, Industry, Navy, Larger population • South: Better generals, moral cause, defense of homeland • Foreign involvement (goals?) weak America better for Britain and France • Emancipation Proclamation • (purpose?), strengthen Union moral cause

27. Reconstruction Plans Lincoln 10% Plan = rapid readmission of Southern states Wade-Davis Major difference between Congress and Presidents concerning Reconstruction Constitutional Issues Status of confederate states Reconstruction Amendments (13,14,15) 13 = no slavery, 14 = rights of citizens, 15 = right to vote all males End of Reconstruction (event?) Compromise of 1877 Civil War and Reconstruction

28. The West • Indians • End of the Buffalo = end of Indian way of life • Assimilation • Settlers / Farmers • Homestead Act = promote settlement • Barb wire = end of open range • Farmers produce for outside markets • RR exploiting farmers

29. Industry and Urbanization • Key terms/events/people: • Horizontal integration • Vertical integration • Social darwinism • Chinese Exclusion Act • Interstate Commerce Commission • Pendleton Act • Jim Crow laws