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Theories of colour harmony: past, present and future

Theories of colour harmony: past, present and future. Ildikó Rozsovits Coloroid Ltd. Motivation . Education Architecture Colour design Marketing Psychology (thanks to prof. Grzywacz…) Work Colour design in architectural purposes Design of marketing tools for paint industry

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Theories of colour harmony: past, present and future

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  1. Theories of colour harmony: past, present and future Ildikó Rozsovits Coloroid Ltd.

  2. Motivation • Education • Architecture • Colour design • Marketing • Psychology (thanks to prof. Grzywacz…) • Work • Colour design in architectural purposes • Design of marketing tools for paint industry • Teaching colour theory in more art universities • Tools for colour design based on Coloroid colour system • Research • Colour systems, colour harmony • Motivation • Colour design is partly intuitive, partly conscious work • One of the most important tools is colour harmony

  3. What is colour harmony? • Ancient times: colours had symbolic meanings • Renaissance: a part of practical artwork, practice of paint mixing • Field of aesthetics • Judds definition: colour harmony is a pleasing effect produced by two or more colours seen in neighbouring areas Phytagoras http://www.colorsystem.com/

  4. Colour harmony theories Basics 1. Tones in painting 2. Light-chords 3. Balance between psychophysical forces 4. Colour wheels 5. Colour scales – whiteness and blackness 6. Colour systems (integrate ideas of colour harmony) Other factors 1. Colour preference 2. Colour association 3. Personality of the subjects 4. Physical environment 5. Cultural environment Questions about nowadays’ researches About a possible new research project

  5. Colour harmony theories – basics Leonardo 1. Tones in painting • Renaissance: concepts of colour harmony were created by artists and architects on the basis of their art experiences • Alberti, Leonardo… • A typical practice: mixing all colours in a composition with a certain colour which caused accordance between the tones. • „Colour families” • Practice in painting Alberti http://www.colorsystem.com/

  6. Colour harmony theories – basics 2. Light-chords • Newton showed: sunlight has a multicolour nature (spectrum) • His colour circle had seven primaries which caused an analogy of colours and sounds • Colour harmony is given by regular steps in the primary hues • Disappeared from science • Popular articles Newton http://www.colorsystem.com/

  7. Colour harmony theories – basics 3. Balance between psychophysical forces • Eye tends to balance colour effects: • adaptation • colour fatigue • complementary afterimages • Harmony is based on complementary pairs • Hering’s theory • Impressionist painters • Itten’s harmony concept • Used in colour design Hering http://www.colorsystem.com/

  8. Colour harmony theories – basics Harris 4. Colour wheels • Describe relationship between hues • Alberti… Newton… (Le Blon) Harris… Itten • According to the media we use to produce colours we have different colour wheels: • Pigment colour wheel for paint mixing, • Process colour wheel for printing, • Light colour wheel for light mixing, • Colour wheels of different colour systems NCS http://www.colorsystem.com/

  9. Colour harmony theories – basics 4. Colour wheels • In these wheels some harmony relationship were described: • Monochromatic, • Analogous, • Complementary, • Split-complementary, • Triadic, tetradic… • Software for generating harmony based on colour wheels • Used in colour design http://www.color-wheel-pro.com/

  10. Colour harmony theories – basics 5. Colour scales – whiteness and blackness • Harmony in tint, shade and tone scales • in art painting • in colour printing • in industrial paint mixing • Birren • Built in colour systems • Used in colour design http://www.colorsystem.com/ Birren

  11. Colour harmony theories – systems Colour systems • Complex, integrated rules for colour harmony • Runge’s sphere • pure colours on the equator • white and black on the poles • based on the harmonies of colours (not on the proportions of mixtures) • Itten http://www.colorsystem.com/ Runge

  12. Colour harmony theories – systems Colour systems • Offer rules for colour harmony • Ostwald • OSA • DIN • NCS • … Ostwald NCS http://www.colorsystem.com/ http://www.ncscolour.com/

  13. Colour harmony theories – systems Colour systems • Munsell • hue, value, chroma • Colour harmony: • in balance (complementary in hue and value) • in scales • in elliptical paths • … • Used in colour design Munsell: A Grammar of Color

  14. Colour harmony theories – systems Colour systems • Coloroid • hue, lightness, saturation • Based on • numerous experiments, • uniform scales, not perceptually, but aesthetically • colour distances for daylight vision, • mathematical connection to CIE Lab

  15. Colour harmony theories – systems Colour systems • Coloroid • Colour harmony: • in lightness and/or saturation scales • in the hue circle in ±34, ± 130, and 180 • Software is available • Used in colour design

  16. Colour harmony concepts • The mentioned concepts postulated colour harmony as an attribute of the colour composition • we appreciate the colours harmonious if the colour features of the composition showed regularityin its attributes: • physical • perceptional • aesthetical But… • Colour vision is personal • Aesthetical judgement is personal (and cultural) • In recent decades other possible factors of colour harmony occurred…

  17. Other factors of colour harmony Other factors • 1. Colour preference • age • gender • cultural aspects • 2. Colour association • archetypical • cultural • personal • 3. Personality of the subjects • Lüscher, Rapp... Assoc. of cold/warm Preference of men

  18. Other factors of colour harmony Other factors • 4. Physical environment • geological, architectural • lighting, space, surfaces • 5. Cultural environment • cultural preferences • fashion • Many of these factors were already studied (separately)

  19. Questions in nowadays’ researches Actual problems • Actual research projects: • modelling colour harmony as it was an attribute of the colour features in the composition • do not take the already studied personal factors into consideration

  20. Factor-analytical research about colour harmony Factors • age, gender • colour preference • colour association • personal attributes of the subjects Questions • How do factors influence colour harmony? • What are the influence ratios of the colour harmony factors? • Are there correlations between the factors? • …? Possible outcomes • tool for colour design • …?

  21. Thank you for your attention! References [1] Judd, D.B., Wyszecki, G. (1975). Color in business, science and industry. 3rd Ed, New York, Wiley and Sons [2] Alberti, L.B. (1436). Della Pittura. [3] Vinci, L. da (1270). Trattato della Pittura. [4] Newton, I. (1704). Opticks, or a Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light. London [5] Nemcsics A. (1990). Colour Dynamics. Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó [6] Sekuler, R., Blake R. (1993). Perception. New York, McGraw-Hill Education [7] Itten, J. (1961). Kunst der Farbe. Ravensburg [8] Hård, A., Sivik, L., Tonnquist, G. (1996). ‘NCS Natural Colour System - From Concept to Research and Applications, part 1 and 2.’Colour Research & Application, Vol. 21, No 3 [9] Westland, S., Laycock, K., Cheung, V., Henry, P., Mahyar, F. (2007). ‘Colour Harmony’ Colour: Design & Creativity 1, http://www.colour-journal.org/2007/1/1/07101article.htm [10] Munsell, A. H. (1921). A Grammar of Color, Mittineague, Mass. [11] Nemcsics A. (1987). ‘Color space of the Coloroid color system.’Color Research & Application Vol. 12, No 3 [12] Burchett, K.E. (1991). ‘Color harmony attributes’Color Research & Application Vol. 16, No 4 [13] Stahre, B. (2009). ‘Defining Reality in Virtual Reality : Exploring Visual Appearance and Spatial Experience Focusing on Colour.’ CREATE Workshop on Communicating Colour Veszprém [14] Lüscher, M. (1949). Psychologie der Farben. Einführung in den psychosomatischen Farbtest. Basel, Test-Verlag [15] Klausz Cs. (1967). ‘A magyar színpreferencia kísérlet kialakítása, végzése és feldolgozása.’ ÉKME Tud. Közl. 13, No. 1-2 [16] Hurlbert, A., Ling Y., Robinson J. (2003). 'Real men don't like pink: Sex differences in colour preference.’ Perception [17] Szabó F., Sueeprasan, S., Malkovics, R., Ngammaneewat, P. (2009). ‘Towards a Culture Dependent Model of Colour Harmony’ Proc. 11th Congress of the International Colour Association, Sydney [18] Granville, W.C. (1987). ‘Color harmony: What is it?’Color Research & Application Vol. 12, No 4 [19] Ou, L., Luo, M. R. (2006). ‘A Study of Colour Harmony for Two-colour Combinations’ Color Research and Application, Vol. 31, No. 3 [20] Szabo F., Schanda J., Bodrogi P. (2007). ‘Experimental Investigation of the Distortion of Colour Harmony.’ Proc. International Conference on Colour Harmony, Budapest [21] http://www.colorsystem.com/

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