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Education in India: Challenges and Opportunities in Access and Quality

Explore access to education in India with a focus on primary and secondary schools, factors influencing access, quality of education, teacher absenteeism, and policy interventions. Learn about the implications of the education-earnings relationship on poverty reduction and economic growth.

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Education in India: Challenges and Opportunities in Access and Quality

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  1. Education in India Discussant comments by Geeta Gandhi Kingdon University of Oxford Dec. 2006

  2. India in international comparisons

  3. Access to education • Access to primary • registered great improvements from 1990s • some mystery about official enrolment figures • ASER (2006) shows 93.4% of kids are enrolled • 12.4 million kids are out of school • However, current attendance/ retention/ completion low • Access to middle & secondary school • rising, but far from universal

  4. Factors behind higher access • Reductions in poverty • % with positive education budget share risen • NSS Maharashtra ‘87 (30%); ‘93 (56%); 2000 (62%) • Policy interventions • DPEP (T training; books; school construction) • Operation Blackboard • Para teacher / EGS schemes • Mid day meal schemes • Increase in private schooling

  5. Quality of education • Primary school • ASER learning achievement (outcome) • High teacher absenteeism (input) 26% absent • Secondary school • UP high school achievement • TIMSS module applied to India • Flight to private schools suggests quality premium: • Kingdon (1996; 2005); PROBE (1999); Muralidharan (2006)

  6. Impediments to access/quality • Low return to basic education – implications for growth • Abysmally resourced schools • real T salaries consistently risen (5% pa) • Share of non-salary expenses has fallen • Lack of accountability/efficiency in public schools • shirking teachers cannot be disciplined • teacher unions strong & politically powerful • no incentives built into teacher pay (Pritchett/Murgai; Duflo/Hanna) • Teacher pay schedule is inefficient (Kingdon & Teal, 2006) • Can policy do anything about the above impediments?

  7. convex Earnings concave Edyrs Shape of education-earnings relationship • Has potentially important implications for the poverty reducing role of education, and for economic growth • whether the positive relationship is linear, concave or convex. • Caveats • RR to primary includes return to post-primary • Does not take the cost stream into account • Not including social benefits of education

  8. Education-earnings relationship, by state and gender (contd.)

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