Chapter 20: The Industrial Revolution Begins

1. Chapter 20:The Industrial Revolution Begins Section 1: Dawn of the Industrial Age Section 2: Britain Leads the Way Section 3: Hardships of Early Industrial Life Section 4: New Ways of Thinking

2. Section 1: Dawn of the Industrial Age • Summary: • Factory work meant long hours, hard jobs, unsafe conditions, and low pay

3. Section 1: Dawn of the Industrial Age • Since the beginning of civilization, most people have lived in small villages and used simple handmade tools • Beginning in the 1750s, important changes took place in the way people lived and worked • This turning point is known as the Industrial Revolution

4. Section 1: Dawn of the Industrial Age • The Industrial Revolution began with an agricultural revolution in Western Europe • In the 1600s, the Dutch built dams to protect drained farmland from the sea, and used animal fertilizer to improve the soil

5. Section 1: Dawn of the Industrial Age • In the 1700s, British farmers discovered ways to produce more food • A British man developed the seed drill that planted seeds in rows • Another pioneer bred stronger horses for work and fatter sheep and cattle for meat

6. Section 1: Dawn of the Industrial Age • Rich landowners forced many peasants off the land • With no work in the country, peasants moved to the cities • There, they became the laborers who would soon operate the new machines

7. Section 1: Dawn of the Industrial Age • The Agricultural Revolution helped to create a population explosion • Since women ate better, they had healthier and stronger babies • At the same time, medical care improved • The result was people lived longer lives

8. Section 1: Dawn of the Industrial Age • In the 1700s, an Energy Revolution occurred • People began to use giant water wheels to power new machines

9. Section 1: Dawn of the Industrial Age • English inventors used coal to power the steam engine • Steam engines became the power source of the early Industrial Revolution

10. Section 1: Dawn of the Industrial Age Causes of the Industrial Revolution Population Explosion Agricultural Revolution Energy Revolution Industrial Revolution

11. Section 2: Britain Leads the Way • Summary: • The Industrial Revolution began in Britain where there were favorable economic, political, and social conditions, as well as sufficient resources

12. Section 2: Britain Leads the Way • The Industrial Revolution began in Britain • Britain had plenty of natural resources & many workers for the new mines & factories • The British overseas empire made the economy strong • As a result the middle class had money in invest in mines, railroads, and factories

13. Section 2: Britain Leads the Way • During the early Industrial Revolution, iron and coal were very important • Iron was needed to produce machines and steam engines • In 1709, the British began using coal instead of wood, for fuel in the production of iron • Experiments lead to the production of iron that was cheaper and stronger

14. Section 2: Britain Leads the Way • The Textile Industry was the first to use the inventions of the Industrial Rev. • In the 1600s, families spun raw cotton into thread, and then wove the thread into cloth at home

15. Section 2: Britain Leads the Way • By the 1700s, new machines allowed people to make cloth much faster • However, the machines were too large and expensive to be operated at home • Instead, spinners and weavers worked in long sheds that became the first factories

16. Section 2: Britain Leads the Way • As production increased, people needed a faster and cheaper means of transportation to move goods from place to place • In the 1700s people built turnpikes, or privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them • Canals and stronger bridges were also constructed to aid in the transportation of manufactured goods

17. Section 2: Britain Leads the Way • James Watt improved the steam engine that powered boats along the canal • Most important, the invention of the steam locomotive made the growth of railroads possible

18. Section 3: Hardships of Early Industrial Life • Summary • Factory work meant long hours, hard jobs, unsafe conditions, and low pay

19. Section 3: Hardships of Early Industrial Life • The Industrial Revolution brought great riches but also great misery • Many people moved from small villages to towns and cities • The movement of large numbers of people to cities is called urbanization

20. Section 3: Hardships of Early Industrial Life • In the cities, most people were poor, living in crowded buildings • There were no sewers • Garbage rotted in the streets • Disease spread quickly

21. Section 3: Hardships of Early Industrial Life • The heart of the new Industrial city was the factory • Men, women and children worked hard in factories 12-16 hours a day for only a few cents an hour • The work was boring and the machines were dangerous

22. Section 3: Hardships of Early Industrial Life • If workers were sick or injured they lost their jobs • Children worked as hard as adults, for even lower wages • Parents let their children work because the money children earned was needed to support their families • Eventually, however, Parliament passed laws to improve working conditions

23. Section 3: Hardships of Early Industrial Life • Historians have debated whether the Industrial Revolution was a blessing or a curse • The Industrial Revolution created hardships for many people • Low pay, unemployment, and horrible living conditions caused social problems

24. Section 3: Hardships of Early Industrial Life • Still, the IndustrialRevolution had many positive effects • Factories created new jobs • More goods became available • Railroads made it possible to visit family members in other towns

25. Section 3: Hardships of Early Industrial Life • The Middle Class, especially merchants and inventors, benefited financially • Most important, opportunities for all classes of people increased

26. Section 3: Hardships of Early Industrial Life:The New Middle Class Families live in solid, well-furnished homes Families dress well and eat large meals Middle class has little sympathy for the poor Middle-class men influence Parliament Middle Class England Values hard work and the determination to “get ahead” Middle-class women encouraged to become “ladies” and do no physical labour

27. Section 4: New Ways of Thinking • Summary: • The Industrial Age gave rise to new ways to think about the economy

28. Section 4: New Ways of Thinking • During the Enlightenment, thinkers developed the policy of Laissez Faire • They believed that the free market would help everyone, not just the rich • In the early 1800s, thinkers tried to understand the changes created by the Industrial Revolution

29. Section 4: New Ways of Thinking • Two economists, ThomasMalthus & DavidRicardo, believed that as long as the population kept increasing, the poor would suffer • They believed that poor people could improve their lives only by working hard and having fewer children • They did not believe that the government should help the poor

30. Section 4: New Ways of Thinking • By the 1800s, some thinkers began to argue that government should help the poor • They worked to reform society without making radical changes

31. Section 4: New Ways of Thinking • Jeremy Bentham taught Utilitarianism, the idea that the goal of a society should be the happiness of the people

32. Section 4: New Ways of Thinking • Another Utilitarian, John Stuart Mill, wanted government to improve the lives of the poor • Mill and other Utilitarians worked for many reforms, including child labour and public health

33. Section 4: New Ways of Thinking • Other thinkers, condemned Industrialism • They believed it was unfair that some people were rich while others were poor • To end poverty they introduced Socialism

34. Section 4: New Ways of Thinking • Under Socialism, farms and businesses belonged to all people, not to individuals • The goal of Socialists was a society that worked for the good of all people

35. Section 4: New Ways of Thinking • Karl Marx called for an international struggle to end Capitalism

36. Section 4: New Ways of Thinking