Essential Question :

1. Essential Question: • What were the principle causes & major effects of the counterculture movements of the 1960s & 1970s?

2. A Generation in Conflict:1965-1974

3. A Decade of Protest: 1965-1974 The Sixties generation was the best educated in American history Protests against Vietnam linked other social criticism—The “war abroad,” intensified a “war at home” • The decade from 1965 to 1974 was marked by protest due to: • Escalation of the Vietnam War • Attack on middle-class values • Increased college enrollment • The initial liberal protests began on college campuses but soon inspired other, national protests: African-Americans Mexican-Americans Native-Americans Women Hippies

4. The Student Revolt Refused to allow Free Speech movement to collect money for off-campus causes • The student protest movement began at UC-Berkeley in 1964 with the Free Speech movement • Students protested the “corporate face” & “1950s rules” of UC-Berkeley • Students rioted when denied a political voice on campus • This inspired the formation of Students for a Democratic Society to end racism, poverty, & violence

5. Mario Savio & the Free Speech riots The Berkeley protests & University of Michigan-based SDS inspired riots on campuses across the USA Brown University ended required courses & grades Many colleges ended “in loco parentis” rules

6. The Cultural Revolution Increase in premarital sex & use of the “pill” Harvard professor Timothy Leary: “Let’s all try LSD!! Tune in, turn on, & drop out!” “Summer of Love” in 1967 Use of psychoactive & hallucinogenic drugs • The student protests coincided with youth counter-culture in 1965 • Beginning in San Francisco & spreading throughout the US, the “hippie” culture emphasized: • Sexual expression • Clothing • Drugs • Music “Everyone must get stoned,” Bob Dylan Folk music British invasion & electric rock Acid rock

7. “Electric rock” like The Beatles Folk singers like Joan Baez & Bob Dylan (until Dylan discovered the electric guitar) “Acid rock” like the Grateful Dead Music was an important element to 1960s counter-culture

8. Is this the nation’s youth?? Drugs Sex Rock ‘n’ Roll No work ethic? Mostly children from upper-middle class families

9. 1968:The Year of Turmoil

10. 1968 • 1968 was one of the most turbulent years in U.S. history • Martin Luther King Jr. & Robert Kennedy were assassinated • Riots broke out at the Democratic National Convention • The Tet Offensive showed that the USA was not winning the Vietnam War

11. Protesting the Vietnam War • The most dramatic focus of youthful rebellion was Vietnam: • Mostly led by college students who escaped the draft • Students protested the draft, military research on college campuses, & disproportionate use of black & Hispanic soldiers • Protests got stronger as fighting intensified in Vietnam in 1966

12. U.S. Troop Levels in Vietnam

13. Vietnam in 1968 • In 1968, the Vietcong launched the Tet Offensive against U.S. forces in South Vietnam • The attack was contrary to media reports that the U.S. was winning the Vietnam War • The attack led LBJ to believe that Vietnam could not be won • In 1968, LBJ began discussions to seek a truce & announced that he would not seek re-election

14. The Tet Offensive, 1968

15. In 1968, Martin Luther King was assassinated in Memphis & race riots broke out in over 100 cities In 1968, leading Democratic presidential candidate Robert Kennedy was shot during the California primary Assassinations in 1968

16. The 1968 Democratic Convention • The withdraw of LBJ & death of RFK, left 2 candidates for the Democratic nomination in 1968: • MN Senator Eugene McCarthy • VP Hubert Humphrey • TV showed angry protestors & police fight outside the convention when Humphrey was nominated Idealistic & anti-war—supported by upper-middle class whites & college students Truman-style Cold Warrior—supported by Democratic party leaders; Did not campaign

17. 1968 Democratic National Convention Republicans benefited from the Vietnam disaster & a shattered Democratic party; Nixon won the election as a reconciler

18. Essential Question: • What were the principle causes & effects of the counterculture movements of the 1960s & 1970s? • Warm-Up Question: • How does the counter-culture movement of the 1960s compare to that of the 1950s?

19. Social Protests of the 1960s & 1970s

20. "Black Power" “I’m black & I’m proud!” —James Brown More than 50% of northern blacks lived in poverty • In the late 1960s, civil rights focus moved from from political to economic equality • Leadership shifted from MLK’s nonviolent protest to militancy • Civil rights began to reflect the overt embrace of black culture & pride: dashikis, afros, “dap,” rejection of “slave names,” & the “black is beautiful” motto

21. “Political power comes through the barrel of a gun” —Huey Newton "Black Power" • SNCC leader Stokely Carmichael: • Told blacks to seize power where they outnumber whites • Called for black-controlled unions, co-ops, & political parties • The Black Panthers dedicated themselves to defending blacks from police brutality & serving their communities

22. Malcolm X Born in Omaha Nebraska, Malcolm Little was the son of a Baptist preacher who urged Blacks to stand up for their rights. His father was killed by White Supremacist in Michigan, in 1931. After time, Malcolm moved to Harlem where he became involved in gambling, drug dealing and robbery. Malcolm Was Arrested at the age of 20 for armed robbery. In jail he studied the teaching of the Elijah Muhammad.

23. Elijah Muhammad Elijah Muhammad was the leader of the mostly Black political and religious group. The Nation Of Islam. His teachings, often perceived as racist, preached complete separation from Whites in society. He often expressed the idea the Blacks were the first people to rule the world and that the Whites tricked them out of power and oppressed them. Young Malcolm X developed his adept speaking skills and political ideas under the direction of Elijah Muhammad.

24. Nation of Islam The Nation Of Islam (NOI) was an activist group that believed that most African slaves were originally Muslim. The NOI urged African -Americans to reconvert to Islam in effort to restore the heritage that was stolen from them. The NOI wanted to create a second Black nation within the United States. The “X” in Malcolm’s name symbolizes the rejection of his slave name.

25. The JFK Controversy After the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Malcolm X made a speech. Malcolm claimed that the violence Kennedy failed to prevent ended up to come back and claim his life. He stated that assassination was an example of “the chickens coming home to roost" He later stated, "Chickens coming home to roost never made me sad. It only made me glad." This comment lead to widespread public dismay.

26. Malcolm X Speaks, 1965 “Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the law, respect everyone; but if someone puts his hand on you, send him to the cemetery.” “Nobody can give you freedom. Nobody can give you equality or justice or anything. If you're a man, you take it.” “You can't separate peace from freedom because no one can be at peace unless he has his freedom.”

27. Pilgrimage to Mecca In 1964, during a pilgrimage to Mecca, Malcolm discovered that orthodox Muslims preach equality among races. Malcolm’s new knowledge and growing distrust with the NOI, caused him to desert his argument that all Whites are the devil. Malcolm X never abandoned his theory that racism had destroyed the nation and that only Blacks could free themselves. In 1965 Malcolm X was assassinated by a Black Muslim at a New York City rally.

28. Black Panther Party • U.S. African American Militant group. • Founded in 1966 in Oakland. • Led by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. • Believed violent revolution was the only way to receive freedom. • Urged African Americans to arm themselves.

29. Violent Panthers • In the late 60’s party leaders got • involved in violent confrontations • with the police. The results was death • on both sides. • Huey Newton was tried in 1967 for • killing a police officer. • Black Panther activist Bobby Seale, • was a member of the Chicago Eight. • A group of eight people who disrupted the 1968 Democratic convention.

30. “Brown Power” • Mexican-Americans began to advocate for their rights: • “La Raza” called for cultural awareness, voter registration, education & poverty reforms • César Chávez organized the Nat’l Farm Workers' Assoc to demand better pay for pickers • “Chicanos” called for & won bilingual education programs

31. “Pink Power” Growth of female-run small businesses helped overcome corporate “glass ceiling” In 1973, the Supreme Court upheld abortion rights in Roe v Wade In the late 1960s, the “pill” became widely available In the 1960s, women were still employed in stereotypical jobs… • Women's Liberation movement demanded increased rights & an end to sexism in America: • Friedan’s Feminine Mystique criticized 1950s housewife life • National Org of Women (NOW) called for equal pay, child care, rape laws, & anti-abortion laws • Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was revived to end sexism But…in most families, both parents worked out of the home …were still seen as “homemakers” …& unmarried adults outnumbered married adults for the first time

32. State Voting on the ERA The ERA by fell 3 states shy of the ¾ needed for ratification The leader of the anti-ERA movement was Phyllis Schlafly who believed that women were protected by the Equal Pay Act (1963) & Civil Rights Act The feminist leaders supporting the ERA were Gloria Steinem & Betty Friedan, author of Feminist Mystique (1963) & president of NOW

33. “Rainbow Power” • The Gay Liberation movement started in 1969 after the Stonewall Riot in New York City • The Gay Liberation Front demanded end to discrimination & rallied gays to “come out” • The American Psychiatry Assoc ended its classification of homosexuality as a disease • ½ of all states changed their sodomy & employment laws

34. “Red Power” Resulted in marches on the Bureau of Indian Affairs in D.C. & Wounded Knee in S.D. A 5-month protest from California to D.C. to protest past U.S. treaty violations • The American Indian movement sought to service its communities & regain lost lands: • “Indians of All Tribes” took Alcatraz Island in 1969 & called attention to the movement • “Trail of Broken Tears” in 1972 & “Long March” in 1978 helped lead to the return of lands across the country to tribes

36. “Yellow Power” • The Asian-American movement began with the formation of the Asian American Political Alliance: • Protested U.S. involvement in Vietnam & use of term “gooks” • Called for & received Asian-American studies in colleges, health services in Asian communities, & reparations for interned Japanese-Americans

37. Civil Liberties • Civil liberties were protected for people accused of crimes: • Gideon v Wainwright (1963)—all citizens, no matter the crime, have the right to an attorney • Escobedo v Illinois (1964)—citizens have the right to remain silent during interrogations • Miranda v Arizona (1966)—suspects must be told of their right against self-incrimination

38. Conclusions “Black is Beautiful,” “Gay is Good,” & “Sisterhood is Powerful” • The counterculture & “power protests” used similar methods: • Active & often-militant protest for civil & economic rights • Cultural pride & awareness • These protests would continue but would faced confrontation by the conservative politics of the 1970s & 1980s