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State of the art of biofuel production and utilization in Indonesia

State of the art of biofuel production and utilization in Indonesia. Kamaruddin Abdullah Laboratory of Energy and Agricultural Electrification, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) / Also working now at Darma Persada University, Jakarta

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State of the art of biofuel production and utilization in Indonesia

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  1. State of the art of biofuel production and utilization in Indonesia Kamaruddin AbdullahLaboratory of Energy and Agricultural Electrification,Department of Agricultural Engineering,Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)/ Also working now at Darma Persada University, Jakarta e-mail: <Kamaruddin@ipb.ac.id>.

  2. Outline • Indonesia Energy Policy & Planning • Biomass potentials in Indonesia • Biomass production • RD&D efforts • CHP • Direct combustion • Biomass utilization

  3. BP-PEN 2005-2025 Projection on primary energy demand (MEMR, 2005) Legend: Conservation scenario, ALGAS,1998 Deregulation scenario, ALGAS, 1998 MARKAL model projection, BATAN,2004 MBOE

  4. Table 1. Conservation Scenario (ALGAS, 1998)

  5. Biomass energy • Solid fuel: • Fuel wood • Charcoal • Briquette • Pellet • Liquid fuel: Bio-diesel, Bio-ethanol, Bio-kerosene • Gaseous fuels: Gasification, biogas

  6. Advantages and constraints • Advantages • EconomyWood and other types of biomass are widely used as fuels in the (private) domestic and industrial sectors, basically because they are cheaper than other fuels. Local availability and reliability of supply add to the economic advantages. Modern applications in both industrialised countries and in South-East Asia have demonstrated that biomass energy can also be competitive for larger-scale industrial applications. For fuel-importing countries, the use of local biomass can save substantial amounts of foreign exchange. The value of woodfuels currently being used in ASEAN economies is equivalent to an estimated US$ 7 billion annually.

  7. Advantage-Contd • Environment • The sustainable use of biomass energy sources helps to manage the local environment. When wood and other biomass are properly valued by local populations as an important resource base, they are more likely to be protected. Sustainable use of biomass is also beneficial for the global climate, because it is carbon-neutral, whereas substitution by fossil fuels would add to the greenhouse effect. This is the main reason why many industrialized countries have embarked upon policies for increasing the share of biomass in national energy consumption.

  8. Rural income • The use of wood and some other forms of biomass energy generates at least 20 times more local employment within the national economy than any other form of energy, per unit. • A large amount of unskilled labour is engaged in growing, harvesting, processing, transporting and trading the fuels, which generates off-farm income for rural populations, either regularly or off-season. • Policy makers in the European Union are increasingly coming to recognise the employment benefits for their own countries.

  9. Advantages • SocialIn times of hardship, or when harvests are inadequate for subsistence, the opportunity to generate income in woodfuel business provides a safety-net for the people affected. • EfficiencyThe application of biomass energy in modern technologies allows for increased energy efficiency by combined heat and power generation (cogeneration). Applications of cogeneration in decentralised systems based on locally available fuel resources help to further reduce losses in the transmission and distribution of power. • Energy mix Incorporation of biomass fuels in national energy supply policy improves the energy mix by increasing the diversity of energy sources. This helps to reduce vulnerability to market fluctuations and can improve stabilization of prices.

  10. Constraints • Misconceptions • It is sometimes assumed that biomass energy is a traditional commodity which will phase out in the near future. Some people even believe that woodfuel collection poses a major threat to tropical rainforests. Misconceptions such as these hamper the development of sound energy policies. • Data and planning • Systematic data are still inadequate or unavailable for biomass energy planning and for developing specific energy policies for supply and demand.

  11. Technologies • Technologies for biomass combustion which are at present widely used in ASEAN economies still need to be improved towards best practice. • Financial, institutional and legal issues have to be resolved to make the best use of available technologies.

  12. Biomass resources • Biomass wastes: • Rice husks, saw dusts and other wood mill wastes, oil palm wastes, sugar mill wastes • Biomass plantation: • Jatropha • Oil Palm

  13. Palm oil Production in Indonesia

  14. Wastes potential for energy ZREU, 2000, C. Budiono, 2002

  15. Biomass Main region Production[million t/year] Technical energy potential[million GJ/year] Remarks Rubber wood Sumatera, Kalimantan, Java 41(replanting) 120 small logs  <10 cm big and medium logs are used as fire wood in brick and roof tile industry: price 20,000 – 30,000 IDR/m³ Logging residues Sumatera, Kalimantan 4.5 19 Sawn timber residues Sumatera, Kalimantan 1.3 13 Residues of the factories are often used as fire wood by local communities, residues available for free Plywood and veneer production residues Kalimantan, Sumatera, Java, Irian Jaya, Maluku 1.5 16 Residues are generally used, yet Sugar residues Java, Sumatera, South Kalimantan Bagasse: 10 cane tops: 4 cane leaves: 9.6 78 Bagasse is generally used in sugar factories (90 %) The use of cane tops and leaves needs to be investigated Rice residues Java, Sumatera, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Bali/Nusa Tenggara Husk: 12 bran 2.5 stalk: 2 straw: 49 150 Stalk and straw are generated at the field and generally burnt, in some areas used for feeding or raw material for paper industry Husks often burnt uncontrolled Coconut residues Sumatera, Java, Sulawesi Shell: 0.4 husk: 0.7 7 Residues are generated decentralized and usually left on the plantation field Largely used as fire wood and for the production of charcoal Palm oil residues Sumatera new areas: Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara, Irian Jaya Empty fruit bunches: 3.4 Fibers: 3.6 palm shells: 1.2 67 Palm shells and fibres are common fuel sources, EFB are generally incinerated Biomass wastes (ZREU, 2000)

  16. Fossil fuel substitution plan • Indonesia should be able to convert 11 million tons of bio-ethanol from cassava and 600 million tons from molasses to produce 1.85 million kilo liters of bio-ethanol, • 30.2 million tons palm oil and 3.84 million tons of Jatropha oil to produce 1.24 mill. kliters of bio-diesel and 4.8 mill. kliters of bio-oil in 2010.

  17. Indonesia Bio-fuel program • Indonesia's state-owned oil/gas company Pertamina has projected the volume of bio-fuel sale in the country at 6.6 million kiloliters next year. • State electricity company PLN is expected to become the biggest consumer of bio-fuel by absorbing 2.1 million kiloliters of this alternative energy source next year, Antara news agency on Sunday quoted Achmad Faizal, marketing director of the company, as saying.

  18. Bio-diesel, Bio-ethanol blends • B-10: 10% bio-diesel, 90% diesel (plan 5-20%) • E-5: 5% bio-ethanol, 95 %, gasoline (plan 5-20%)

  19. National plant for bio-fuel (2006-2010) • 1.5 mil ha of oil palm } B-10 (1.24 mill. Kliter) • 1.5 mill. Ha of jatropha • 1.5 mil ha of cassava } E-10 (1.85 mill. Kliter) • .75 mill. Ha of sugarcane

  20. Productivity of J.Curcas (Center of Estate crops R&D)-Bogor;criec@indo.net.id; • IP-1: • year 1: 0.5 -0.6 t/ha • Year 5: 4.0-4.5t/ha • IP-2: • year 1: 0.9 -1.0 t/ha • Year 5: 7.0-8.0 t/ha

  21. Bio-fuel program • The industrial sector, believed to be the second biggest bio- fuel consumer in Indonesia, is expected to use 1.65 million kiloliters of bio-diesel and 850,000 kiloliters of bio-premium. • The Indonesian government has begun implementing a bio-fuel development program in 2006, and in this connection, Pertamina introduced its bio-diesel under a brand name of 'Biosolar' on the market on May 20, 2006, and bio-ethanol under a brand name of ' Biopremium' on August 12.

  22. Bio-fuel demand • Pertamina has projected the sale of bio-fuel at 1.1 million kiloliters up to the end of 2006, • comprising 400,000 kiloliters of industrial bio-diesel, • 350,000 kiloliters of bio-diesel for power generators, • 330,000 kiloliters of automotive bio-diesel and • 20,000 kiloliters of automotive bio-ethanol. • The sale of bio-fuel is expected to grow to 13.2 million kiloliters in 2008, • composed of 4.2 million kiloliters of bio- diesel for power generators, • 4.0 million kiloliters of industrial bio-diesel, • 3.3 million kiloliters of automotive bio-diesel and • 1. 7 million kiloliters of automotive bio-ethanol.

  23. Bio-fuel demand • The bio-fuel sale target is raised to 23.4 million kiloliters in 2009, • consisting of 7.0 million kiloliters of bio-diesel for electricity generation, • 6.6 million kiloliters of automotive bio- diesel, • 6.4 million kiloliters of industrial bio-diesel, and • 3.4 million kiloliters of bio-ethanol. • The target of bio-fuel sale for 2010 has been set at 31.1 million kiloliters.

  24. Semi-mechanic briquette machine Rice husk charcoal briquette

  25. Rice husk briquette

  26. Comparation of bio-briquettes with other biomass wastes

  27. Biomass stove

  28. Imbert Downdraft Biomass CHP Feed fuel:: 25 mm x 25 mm x 25 mm

  29. Wood CHP and adsorption cooling

  30. Table 1. Results of Gas analysis from experimental runs using Borneo cubes.

  31. Table 2.. Proximate analysis of experimental runs using respectively, the Borneo cubes, Tamarind and Leucena cubes.

  32. Table 3. . Estimated power output of experimental runs using Borneo cubes

  33. 100 kW rice husk gasifier test • Location:Boma Bisma Indra,Surabaya • Test engineer: Ir.Yogi S. Gaoz • Fuel: 80% rice husk, 20% diesel fuel • Fuel saving at 100% load:82.04% • Sales of electricity :Rp. 125/kWh • Thermal efficiency: 15% • Specific fuel consumption:1.47kg rice husks/kWh

  34. Performance of rice husk gasifier-BBI Test

  35. Coco-diesel fuel test (Desrial, 2007)

  36. Performance test results

  37. Drying air generator using biomass stove and heat exchanger

  38. Test Results

  39. 2 cm slit PDID 3cm slit PDID Drying air temperature from heat exchanger (Ayi R., 2006) 4 cm slit PDID

  40. ELC-05 GHE solar dryer (Anggita, Diaz, A., 2006) Banana flower and spikes for jerked banana spikes

  41. RD/D of RE technology dissemination by Lab. of Energy and Agric. Electrification IPB

  42. Cash flow of Barrak Cooperative, Cimahi, West Java. Case 1: dryer as grant

  43. SPU for coffee -Sumbawa

  44. Cash flow

  45. Cash flow for coffee processing

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