Chapter 10 Plant Anatomy & Physiology Michael G. Simpson

1. Chapter 10Plant Anatomy & PhysiologyMichael G. Simpson Plant Anatomy Study of tissue and cell structure of plants. (In zoology, anatomy is study of internal organs; histology is study of tissues/cells.) Plant Physiology Study of metabolic processes in plants.

2. Cell Theory All of life is composed of 1 or more cells. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells, via cell division or cell fusion. Cells are units of metabolic processes. Each cell contains set of hereditary information (DNA), transferred from cell to cell, coding for structural & functional features.

3. storage high energy carbs. transport & modification storage: pigments, acids, ergastic substances contains DNA structural support respiration cell recognition, transport photosynthesis protein synthesis & transport of materials ribosomes: site of protein synthesis

4. aleurone grains: protein oil bodies Ergastic Substances:not actively metabolized (storage/waste) amyloplasts (starch grains): alpha-1,4-glucopyranoside chromoplasts druses raphides styloids prismatics crystals (Ca-oxalate; silica)

5. cell wall mainly cellulose: beta-1,4-glucopyranoside

6. lignin - secondary cell wall function?

8. meristem - region of actively dividing cells1) apical (shoot & root); 2) lateral (vascular & cork cambia) Cell differentiation: 1) Cell expansion (elongation) 2) Cell maturation / specialization

9. Plant Tissues & Cell Types Tissue: = group of cells with common function or structure. Three broad tissue types: 1) Dermal - outside layer(s) 2) Vascular - conduction 3) Ground - between dermal and vascular Simple vs. Complex Tissue: 1 versus 2 or more cell types

10. Ground Tissue Parenchyma: Gen. metabol. 1) Isodiametric to elongate 2) Primary cell wall 3) Living Collenchyma: support 1) Elongate 2) Primary cell wall thick, uneven, rich in pectins 3) Living

11. Ground Tissue Sclerenchyma 1) Secondary cell wall (+ primary) 2) Dead at maturity (usually) Fibers Elongate, sharply tapering

12. Ground Tissue Sclerenchyma 1) Secondary cell wall (+ primary) 2) Dead at maturity (usually) Sclereids Isodiametric to irregular

13. Vascular Tissue Xylem Water & mineral conduction Tracheary elements + parenchyma + sclerenchyma Phloem Sugar conduction Sieve members + parenchyma + sclerenchyma - Both complex tissues

14. Tracheary Elements Tracheids - Imperforate Vessels - Perforate Angiosperms (most) Gnetales A few Monilophytes

15. Sieve Elements Sieve cells - No sieve plates Sieve tube members - Sieve plates Apomorphy of Angiosperms

16. Dermal & Secretory tissues & cells Glands Epidermis Stomates Nectaries Laticifers

17. Dermal tissues: Trichome anatomy Epidermis

19. ROOT (l.s.) • Protective root cap • Absorptive root hairs root cap root apical meristem

20. ROOT (c.s.) 3) Give rise to new roots endogenously (from within)

21. Casparian Strip Function: forces fluids from outside through plasma membrane = selective absorption

23. SPOROPHYTIC SHOOT

24. Stems: • Give rise to leaves exogenously • Do not have a protective “cap” of cells • Do not have root hairs (but may have trichomes)

25. Stelar types eustele atactostele

26. Protoxylem maturation

27. Vascular cambium - a lateral meristem

30. Conifers: non-porous

31. Ring porous Diffuse porous

32. Wood Ray Anatomy

33. Leaf anatomy

34. Stomata

35. C3 Photosynthesis

36. Kranz anatomy

37. C4 Photosynthesis

38. CAM photosynthesis