$ 20

1. Cells and Viruses Ecosystem Evolution Flow of Matter and Energy $ 10 $ 10 $ 10 $ 10 $ 20 $ 20 $ 20 $ 20 $ 30 $ 30 $ 30 $ 30 $ 40 $ 40 $ 40 $ 40 $ 50 $ 50 $ 50 $ 50 Dallas ISD Science Department

2. Which of the following factors helps spread disease-causing bacteria? • F Low temperatures • G Access to new hosts • H Mutation by heat energy • J Availability of light Dallas ISD Science Department

3. G Access to new hosts Dallas ISD Science Department

4. Viruses differ from bacteria in that allviruses — F cause insect-borne diseases G can be destroyed by antibiotics H have rigid cell walls J must be reproduced in living cells Dallas ISD Science Department

5. J must be reproduced in living cells Dallas ISD Science Department

6. Some bacteria thrive in hostile environments,such as salt flats, boiling-hot springs, andcarbonate-rock interiors, primarily because of bacteria’s — F biochemical diversity G small sizes H round shapes J methods of movement Dallas ISD Science Department

7. F biochemical diversity Dallas ISD Science Department

8. Bacteria that grow in the presence of the antibiotic, penicillin, develop holes in their cell walls. Which of the following explains why penicillin is effective against some bacteria? • Water enters the holes in these bacteria and causes osmotic rupture. • B. Penicillin causes the flagella to become inactive. • C. The pili of the bacteria puncture the penicillin. • D. Penicillin produces oxygen, which kills any kind of bacteria. Dallas ISD Science Department

9. A. Water enters the holes in these bacteria and causes osmotic rupture. Dallas ISD Science Department

10. Clostridium tetani are anaerobes that produce a powerful nerve toxin that causes the often fatal disease called tetanus. C. tetani are found on nearly every surface. Unless a person has a current immunization (shot) against tetanus, deep puncture wounds can be fatal. Why? • A. C. tetani can live with or without oxygen. • B. Puncture wounds don’t allow air to enter, preventing oxygen in the air from killing the C. tetani. • C. C. tetani have no flagella and thus cannot move away from the wound. • D. C. tetani only form as diplococci. Dallas ISD Science Department

11. A. C. tetani can live with or without oxygen. Dallas ISD Science Department

12. Beechdrops (Epifagus virginiana) are leafless • plants that lack chlorophyll. Beechdrops get • their nourishment from the roots of beech • trees, which reduces the amount of nutrients • available to the trees themselves. This • interaction is best described as — • A predatory • B parasitic • C commensalistic • D mutualistic Dallas ISD Science Department

13. B parasitic Dallas ISD Science Department

14. Species of the genus Toxicodendron, which includes poison ivy and poison oak, produce a gummy oil that causes a severe itchy rash in some animals. This substance is part of the Toxicodendron species’— F defense mechanisms G nutritional processes H support system J clinging ability Dallas ISD Science Department

15. F defense mechanisms Dallas ISD Science Department

16. Which situation best represents a mutualistic relationship? A A tapeworm absorbing nutrients from the intestine of a dog B An orchid being pollinated by a nectar- collecting wasp C A human losing blood to a feeding mosquito D An armadillo rooting in the soil at the base of an oak tree Dallas ISD Science Department

17. B An orchid being pollinated by a nectar- collecting wasp Dallas ISD Science Department

18. The table lists four groups of factors found in a particular ecosystem. Which group consists of only abiotic factors? F Group 1 G Group 2 H Group 3 J Group 4 Dallas ISD Science Department

19. H Group 3 Dallas ISD Science Department

20. Which of these conclusions can be made based on the graphs shown? • A Larger mosquitoes have migrated into the area. • B Smaller mosquitoes are being eaten by larger mosquitoes. • C A mosquito length of 2 cm has become a disadvantage in this environment. • D Mosquitoes with a body length of 3 cm have the longest life span. Dallas ISD Science Department

21. C A mosquito length of 2 cm has become a disadvantage in this environment. Dallas ISD Science Department

22. Which of the following leaf types is most likely to help a plant survive in an arid habitat? Dallas ISD Science Department

23. Dallas ISD Science Department

24. Dolphins and fish are unrelated vertebrates with similar body shapes that are adapted for moving efficiently through water. What evolutionary process is shown by this example? • A. Divergent evolution • B. Convergent evolution • C. Reproductive isolation • D. Polyploid speciation Dallas ISD Science Department

25. B. Convergent evolution Dallas ISD Science Department

26. An albino animal has white skin and hair and pink eyes. How can this variation be harmful to an organism? • It prevents the organism from mating. • Lack of pigment exposes the animal to dangerous rays from the Sun. • It prevents the animal from making its own food. • Lack of pigment results in geographical isolation from other animals in the species. Dallas ISD Science Department

27. A. Lack of pigment exposes the animal to dangerous rays from the Sun. Dallas ISD Science Department

28. According to the diagram, how have elephants changed over the past 55 million years? • Their ears have become enlarged and their bodies have gotten smaller. • Their trunks have become longer and their legs have become shorter. • Their bodies have become larger and their trunks have become longer. • Their tusks have become longer and their ears have become larger. Dallas ISD Science Department

29. C. Their bodies have become larger and their trunks have become longer. Dallas ISD Science Department

30. The table shows an amino acid comparison of cytochrome c, a protein involved in cellular respiration in aerobic organisms. The two organisms in the table that are least genetically related are the — • A silkworm moth and the fruit fly • B silkworm moth and the screwworm fly • C fruit fly and the screwworm fly • D fruit fly and the hornworm moth Dallas ISD Science Department

31. B silkworm moth and the screwworm fly Dallas ISD Science Department

32. Which of the following terms are NOT related? • Water cycle—precipitation • Nitrogen cycle—nitrogen fixation • Phosphorus cycle—evaporation • Carbon cycle—photosynthesis Dallas ISD Science Department

33. C. Phosphorus cycle—evaporation Dallas ISD Science Department

34. In this food web, the bacteria probablyfunction as — A producers B herbivores C decomposers D carnivores Dallas ISD Science Department

35. C decomposers Dallas ISD Science Department

36. Based on what you’ve learned about the cycling of materials through ecosystems, predict which material would most likely be added to a chemical fertilizer to increase soil productivity. • H2O • CO2 • N2 • D. NO3 Dallas ISD Science Department

37. DNO3 Dallas ISD Science Department

38. A food pyramid represents the relative amount of energy in trophic levels. Which ofthe following correctly shows a food pyramid? Dallas ISD Science Department

39. Dallas ISD Science Department

40. The graph shows levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 250 years. Which statement best summarizes the trend shown in the graph? A. Levels of CO2 are rising. B. Levels of CO2 are decreasing. C. Levels of CO2 have remained the same. D. Levels of CO2 are fluctuating, but no pattern exists. Dallas ISD Science Department

41. A. Levels of CO2 are rising. Dallas ISD Science Department