Hydropower

1. Hydropower Professor Stephen Lawrence Leeds School of Business University of Colorado Boulder, CO

2. Renewable Hydro Power Wind Energy Oceanic Energy Solar Power Geothermal Biomass Sustainable Hydrogen & Fuel Cells Nuclear Fossil Fuel Innovation Exotic Technologies Integration Distributed Generation Course Outline

3. Hydro Energy

4. Hydrologic Cycle http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_how.html

5. Hydropower to Electric Power ElectricalEnergy PotentialEnergy Electricity KineticEnergy Mechanical Energy

6. Hydropower in Context

7. Sources of Electric Power – US

8. Renewable Energy Sources Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company, http://www.wvic.com/hydro-facts.htm

9. World Trends in Hydropower Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

10. World hydro production IEA.org

11. Major Hydropower Producers

12. World’s Largest Dams Ranked by maximum power. “Hydroelectricity,” Wikipedia.org

13. Three Gorges Dam (China)

14. Three Gorges Dam Location Map

15. Itaipú Dam (Brazil & Paraguay) “Itaipu,” Wikipedia.org

16. Itaipú Dam Site Map http://www.kented.org.uk/ngfl/subjects/geography/rivers/River%20Articles/itaipudam.htm

17. Guri Dam (Venezuela) http://www.infodestinations.com/venezuela/espanol/puerto_ordaz/index.shtml

18. Guri Dam Site Map http://lmhwww.epfl.ch/Services/ReferenceList/2000_fichiers/gurimap.htm

19. Grand Coulee Dam (US) www.swehs.co.uk/ docs/coulee.html

20. Grand Coulee Dam Site Map

21. Grand Coulee Dam Statistics

22. Uses of Dams – US Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company, http://www.wvic.com/hydro-facts.htm

23. Hydropower Production by US State Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

24. Percent Hydropower by US State Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

25. History of Hydro Power

26. Early Irrigation Waterwheel Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

27. Early Roman Water Mill Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

28. Early Norse Water Mill Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

29. Fourneyron’s Turbine Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

30. Hydropower Design

31. Terminology (Jargon) • Head • Water must fall from a higher elevation to a lower one to release its stored energy. • The difference between these elevations (the water levels in the forebay and the tailbay) is called head • Dams: three categories • high-head (800 or more feet) • medium-head (100 to 800 feet) • low-head (less than 100 feet) • Power is proportional to the product of head x flow http://www.wapa.gov/crsp/info/harhydro.htm

32. Scale of Hydropower Projects • Large-hydro • More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid • Medium-hydro • 15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid • Small-hydro • 1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid • Mini-hydro • Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW • Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid • Micro-hydro • From 5kW up to 100 kW • Usually provided power for a small community or rural industry in remote areas away from the grid. • Pico-hydro • From a few hundred watts up to 5kW • Remote areas away from the grid. www.itdg.org/docs/technical_information_service/micro_hydro_power.pdf

33. Types of Hydroelectric Installation Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

34. Meeting Peak Demands • Hydroelectric plants: • Start easily and quickly and change power output rapidly • Complement large thermal plants (coal and nuclear), which are most efficient in serving base power loads. • Save millions of barrels of oil

35. Types of Systems • Impoundment • Hoover Dam, Grand Coulee • Diversion or run-of-river systems • Niagara Falls • Most significantly smaller • Pumped Storage • Two way flow • Pumped up to a storage reservoir and returned to a lower elevation for power generation • A mechanism for energy storage, not net energy production

36. Conventional Impoundment Dam http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.html

37. ExampleHoover Dam (US) http://las-vegas.travelnice.com/dbi/hooverdam-225x300.jpg

38. Diversion (Run-of-River) Hydropower

39. ExampleDiversion Hydropower (Tazimina, Alaska) http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.html

40. Micro Run-of-River Hydropower http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.html

41. Micro Hydro Example Used in remote locations in northern Canada http://www.electrovent.com/#hydrofr

42. Pumped Storage Schematic

43. Pumped Storage System Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

44. ExampleCabin Creek Pumped Hydro (Colorado) • Completed 1967 • Capacity – 324 MW • Two 162 MW units • Purpose – energy storage • Water pumped uphill at night • Low usage – excess base load capacity • Water flows downhill during day/peak periods • Helps Xcel to meet surge demand • E.g., air conditioning demand on hot summer days • Typical efficiency of 70 – 85%

45. Pumped Storage Power Spectrum

46. Turbine Design Francis TurbineKaplan TurbinePelton TurbineTurgo TurbineNew Designs

47. Types of Hydropower Turbines Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

48. Classification of Hydro Turbines • Reaction Turbines • Derive power from pressure drop across turbine • Totally immersed in water • Angular & linear motion converted to shaft power • Propeller, Francis, and Kaplan turbines • Impulse Turbines • Convert kinetic energy of water jet hitting buckets • No pressure drop across turbines • Pelton, Turgo, and crossflow turbines

49. Schematic of Francis Turbine Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

50. Francis Turbine Cross-Section Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003