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What is Grout??? • GROUT is a mixture of water, cement and other material like sand, admixtures, expansion agents as well as pozzolans. The ratio of water and cement should be around 0.5. Fine sand is best to avoid segregation.
Categories of Grout • Suspension Grout: It is a mixture of one or several inert materials like cement, clays etc suspended in a fluid i.e water. Suspension grout is a mixture of pure cement with water. • Liquid grout or Solution Grout: It consists of chemical products in a solution or an emulsion form and their reagents. The most frequently used products are sodium silicate and certain resins.
Properties of Grout • Fluidity • Minimum bleeding and segregation • Low shrinkage • Adequate strength after hardening • No detrimental compounds • Durable
Specification for Grout • The sand should pass 150 µm IS sieve • The compressive strength of 100 mm cubes of the grout shall not be less than 17 N/mm² at 7 days
Types of Grout • Cement-based Grouts: • Cement-based grouts are the most frequently used in both water stopping and strengthening treatment. They are characterized by their water cement ratio and their Total Dry Matter / Water weight ratio. • Stability and fluidity according to the dosage of the various components and their quality • Unconfined compressive strength linked to water cement ratio
Pure cement grout • It is an unstable grout. However, bleeding can be avoided with water cement ratio less than 0.67. • Usual mix proportions are from water cement ratio 0.4 to 1 for grouting. Very high mechanical strength can be attained with this type of grout. • During grouting, cement grains deposit in inter-granular voids or fissures is analogous to a kind of hydraulic filling. • The grout usually undergoes a significant filtration effect. The grain fineness is an important factor for fine fissures.
Silicate based grouts • Slicates based grouts are sodium silicate in liquid form diluted and containing a reagent. • They are used in soils with low permeability values such that all suspension grouts cannot penetrate. According to the type of grout used, the gel obtained will be water Bentonite cement grout • Obtain a homogeneous colloidal mix with a wide range of viscosity. • Avoid cement sedimentation during grouting. • Decrease the setting time index and separation filtering processes.
Grout Mixer • Many types of grout mixers have been used, including hand-turned dough mixers, concrete mixers of various sizes, and especially designed grout mixers. • Two mixers can be arranged to discharge into the same sump to satisfy high capacity requirements. Manual stirring of cement and clay grouts in a tub is not satisfactory except in emergencies. Hand-powered dough mixers are not recommended because of their limited capacity.
Grout Mixer Includes • Hose: • Flexible hose is most commonly used for suction and discharge lines. A short length of hose should be provided at the pump discharge and at the connection to the grout header. • Piping: • Black steel pipe and fittings 1-1/2 in. in diameter are normally suitable for pressure lines. • Grout Header: • The grout header is usually assembled as a unit in order—that it may be moved from one grout hole to another. • Pressure Gages: • Reliable pressure gages are essential in pressure grouting.
What is Grouting??? • Grouting is a process of placing concrete as a material into cavities to increase load bearing capacity of a structure, reinstating the monolithic nature of a structural member, filling gaps and voids around pre cast connections steel base plates and provides fire stops, leakages, placing adhesives and soil stabilization.
Types of Grouting Material • Chemical grouting • Cementitious grouting • Epoxy grouting • Polyesters • Silicones
Benefits of Grouting Increase the cement binding time. • Improve the penetration in compact type soils • Obtain a wide range of mechanical strength values. • In water stopping, grout will include a lot of bentonite and little cement. In consolidation works, grout will contain a lot of cement and little bentonite. Ideal mixes should be both stable and easy to pump.
Procedure of Grouting • A 1:2 cement-sand grout with a water-cement ratio between 0.6 and 0.8 is prepared using a mechanical mixer. • The mixture is then sent down under pressure (of about 120kg/cm²) through a 30-50 mm diameter pipe terminating into steel cages. • As the grouting proceeds the pipe is raised gradually upto a height of not more than 60 cm. • After grouting the whole area for a height of about 60 cm , the same operation is repeated, if necessary , for the next layer of 60cm and so on.
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