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Lesson 1 Introduction

Lesson 1 Introduction. James C.C. Cheng Department of Computer Science National Chiao Tung University. Introduction to Computer and Program Design. About Me. 鄭昌杰 Cheng, Chang-Chieh Ph.D. Candidate, department of Computer Science, NCTU Email: chengchc@cs.nctu.edu.tw Office:

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Lesson 1 Introduction

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  1. Lesson 1Introduction James C.C. Cheng Department of Computer Science National Chiao Tung University Introduction to Computer and Program Design

  2. About Me • 鄭昌杰 Cheng, Chang-Chieh • Ph.D. Candidate, department of Computer Science, NCTU • Email: • chengchc@cs.nctu.edu.tw • Office: • 交通大學新竹光復校區電資大樓704室 (Room 704, MISRC, NCTU) • Tel: 03-5712121 # 59268

  3. Syllabus • Introduction • Clanguage overview • Data Types and Variables • Operators and Expressions • Statements • Pointers, Arrays and Memory Management • Functions • Standard I/O • String processing • Custom data type

  4. Scoring • 期中考 (筆試) 25% • 期末考 (筆試) 25% • 上機考 25% • 平時作業(含上課狀況)25%

  5. Why should I take this course? • Every thing is computer • To learn the programming technique, because • you can design a valuable and interesting computer program • the number of experiment results could be very large. • you have to control the instruments by computer

  6. Why should I learn the C and C++ • For basic computer concepts learning • To design a high performance program • Windows programming • GUI (graphical user interface) application software • Mobile software development • iPhone, iPad  iOS applications (apps) • Xcode with C++ or Objective C • Android applications • GUI  JAVA • Kernel  C++

  7. Textbooks • C How to program, 6ed • By P.J. Deitel & H.M. Deitel • Publisher: Prentice Hall • Features: • Chapter 1: Introduction to computers • Plenty exercises

  8. Textbooks • The C programming Language, 2ed • Authors: Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie • Publisher: Prentice Hall • Features: • Introduction to the C language • The first book on C language • Authors are the creators of C

  9. Textbooks • C++ Primer, 4ed • By Stanley B. Lippman, Josée Lajoie, Barbara E. Moo • Publisher: Addison Wesley • Features: • Introduction to OOP • 中譯本: • 侯捷 譯 • 碁峰 出版

  10. Reference Books • Thinking in C++ Volume 1 & Volume 2 , 2ed • by Bruce Eckel, Chuck Allison • Free Electronic Book, http://www.mindviewinc.com/Index.php • Features: • C++ and OOP 的進階書 • 中譯本 • 蔡明志 譯 • 碁峰 出版

  11. Reference Books • The C++ Standard Library - A Tutorial and Reference • By Nicolai M. Josuttis • Publisher: Addison-Wesley • Feature: • STL tool book • 中譯本: • C++ 標準程式庫 • 侯捷，孟岩 譯 • 碁峰 出版

  12. Internet Resources • MSDN, Microsoft Developer Network • http://msdn.microsoft.com/ • Cplusplus.com • http://www.cplusplus.com/ • C++ wiki • Link: • http://www.cppreference.com/wiki/ • chm version: • http://www.cppreference.com/wiki/_media/about/cppreferencecom_feb09.zip • Google, Yahoo and programming forums (PTT/Programming)

  13. What is a computer? • A machine designed to solve some problem. • A programmable machine • It can execute a sequence of instructions • Mostly, it is a digital system • 二進位系統( binary system): 0/1, true/false, turn on/turn off. • It has data storage devices • 非揮發性資料儲存裝置Non-volatile data storage devices: • Punched cards, magnetic tapes, magnetic disks, optical disk, ROM • 揮發性資料儲存裝置 Volatile data storage devices: • Transistors, registers, memory, RAM, SDRAM, DDR • A communication device • I/O ports, RS-232, LPT, IDE, SATA, USB • Ethernet, Internet

  14. Computer Organization • All computers consist of six components

  15. Computer Organization 圖片來源: Wikipedia • The motherboard of ? I/O: USB,Sound, … Southbridge = I/O controller Memory256 MB XDR CPU:Cell Processor PowerPC-base Core 3.2GHzwith Northbridge = Memory controller GPU(Graphics Processing Unit):RSX 550MHz

  16. Computer Organization • Desktop motherboard: ASUS P8P67 I/O: USB, Sound, Network cable … PCIe slots PCI slots Power socket for CPU CPU socketIntel i7/i5 (LGA1155) Memory socket 圖片來源: ASUS SATA sockets Power socket

  17. Computer Organization • Memory access Data bus Memory CPU Address bus Bus: A bundle of electronic signal wires. In 32-bit computer, the bus consists of 32 wires In 64-bit computer, the bus consists of 64 wires

  18. Quiz • 找一台桌上型電腦(desktop), 你能說出每一個開關、燈號、插孔及各裝置的名稱(中英文)及用途嗎?

  19. What is programming? • 設計一連串的命令與符號讓電腦去解決某些問題 • 所設計的一連串命令與符號稱為原始碼 (Source code) • Machine code 機器碼 • 以 0 及 1兩種符號所構成的數碼 • 原始碼必須被翻譯(compile)成機器碼才可讓電腦執行 • Program language 程式語言 • 設計原始碼所必須遵守的規則及語法 • 較著名的程式語言 (從低階( low-level)到高階( high-level)): • Assembly • C • C++ • JAVA • Delphi (Pascal) • Microsoft Basic • SQL

  20. Programming Flow

  21. C++ IDE • Dev C++ • http://www.bloodshed.net/devcpp.html • GCC-based compiler • GCC: GNU Compiler Collection • 原始碼有開放下載(Open source), 不佔硬碟空間且免費 • 它的原始碼編輯器(editor)及 除錯器(debugger)有很多缺失

  22. C++ IDE • Code::Blocks • http://www.codeblocks.org/ • Multiple compiler support: • GCC (MingW / GNU GCC) • MSVC++ • ...and more • 原始碼有開放下載(Open source), 不佔硬碟空間且免費 • 有出各種平台版本 • 除錯器(debugger)過於複雜難用

  23. C++ IDE • Visual Studio • 不只有C++還包含了 Visual Basic, C# and J#. • 它的C++compiler是微軟自己發明的 MS C++ • 在 v6.0之前, VS 使用 MFC (Microsoft Foundation Classes) 來建立視窗用程式. • MFC: 問題缺失非常多的一個函式庫! • VS 7.0~ use the .NET Framework. • Visual Studio Express: 免費精簡版，但已足夠開發一般的視窗程式

  24. C++ IDE • Embarcadero C++ Builder XE2 (2011) • Based on Turbo C++ (1991~2006) • History • Borland C++ Builder (1997~2006) • CodeGear C++ Builder (2006~2008) • Embarcadero C++ Builder (2008~) • 用來開發Ｗindows 級MacOS X 的視窗程式

  25. C++ IDE • QT • http://qt.nokia.com/products/ • Based on MinGW (Minimalist GNU for Windows) • 在歐洲及中國大陸非常流行 • 免費 • 用來開發各種平台的視窗程式(source code cross-platform) • Microsoft Windows • X-Windows • Mac OS • iOS • Android

  26. The History of the C Language • C language is created by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 -1972 • 1989, ANSI C89 • 1990, ISOC90 C89  C90 (C89 = C90) • 1999, C99 • 2011, C11 • C89 is the main development tool in the most embedded systems • Because C89 is simple, light weight, and high efficient ANSI: American National Standards Institute ISO: International Organization for Standardization Dennis Ritchie 1941-2011 圖片來源: Wikipedia

  27. The History of the C++ Language • 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup develops the “C with Classes” language • C language with object-oriented programming • 1983, the “C with Classes”  the C++ language • 1998, 1st standard version: C++98 • 2003, 2nd standard version: C++03 • 2011, 3rd standard version: C++11

  28. Programming and Coding • 一段簡單的C 程式 #include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> int main() { int x = 0; scanf("%d", &x); x = 1 + 2 * 3 / 4; printf ("%d\n", x); system("pause"); return 0; }

  29. Programming and Coding • 一段簡單的C 程式，加上註解 #include <stdlib.h> // 將stdlib.h裡面的內容複製貼上在這裡 #include <stdio.h> // 將stdin.h裡面的內容複製貼上在這裡 /* C89-style 區塊註解. 請少用 C89區塊註解 ! Why? */ int main() /*函數宣告式: return_type function_name ( arguments_list ) */ { //main 函數從這左大括號開始 int x = 0; // 變數宣告式 scanf("%d", &x); // scanf: 將資料從至標準輸入裝置 (standard input device)讀取出來的函數 x = 1 + 2 * 3 / 4;// 將1 + 2 * 3 / 4的結果寫到x裡 printf ("%d\n", x); // printf: 將資料輸出至標準輸出裝置 (standard output device)的函數 system("pause");// 暫停指令，注意!只有微軟的環境下才能使用 return 0;/* 告訴作業系統此程式將正常結束 */ }

  30. Programming and Coding • #include directive(指令) • 將所指定的檔案內容複製貼上 • #include <SourceFile> • The path of SourceFile is • Default_Include_Path/SourceFile • The setting of Default_Include_Path • Tools / Compiler Options / Directories / C includes • #include “SourceFile“ • Compiler searches the SourceFile if it is an absolute path • Compiler searches the SourceFile in the current directory if SourceFile is just a filename

  31. Programming and Coding • Comments • Single line comment // • c89 block comment /* */ • c89 block comment 常如此誤用: • #include <stdlib.h> • #include <stdio.h> • int main(){ • /* • int x; • /* • x = 1 + 2 * 3 / 4; • printf ("%d\n", x); • */ • printf ("Bye!\n", x); • */ • system("pause"); • return 0; • }

  32. Programming and Coding • 更好用的 block comment • #include <stdlib.h> • #include <stdio.h> • int main() { • #if 0 • int x; • #if 0 • x = 1 + 2 * 3 / 4; • printf ("%d\n", x); • #endif • printf ("Bye!\n", x); • #endif • system("pause"); • return 0; • }

  33. Programming and Coding • The main function • 所 C 程式的主要起始點 • main function 是唯一的. 千萬不可寫兩個 main function在同一支程式 (即使他們的return type 及and the arguments list 不相同) • Simple type of the main function: • Complete types of the main function: • int main() { • … • } • int main( void ) { // void means empty • … • } intmain( intargc, char *argv[ ] ) { … } // For UNIX

  34. Programming and Coding • 變數 Variables • 在記憶體佔有一席之地，用來存放資料以便進行各種運算。 • 變數使用前一定要被宣告: 告訴編譯器(compiler) 你要使甚麼樣的變數一即為這變數取一個名字。 • 變數的宣告 • Ex: • 千萬不可以有兩個變數取相同名稱 int x; // Declare an integer float y; // Declare a 32-bit floating-point number double z; // Declare a 64-bit floating-point number unsigned integer i; // Declare an unsigned integer char c; // Declare a 8-bit character char S[100]; // Declare a 100 characters text string int x; // Declare an integer int x; // Error! Redeclaration of x! float x; // Error! Redeclaration of x!

  35. Programming and Coding • 變數的宣告 • 同時宣告多個同種類的變數 Multiple variables declaration: • 宣告同時初始化(initialization) • 強烈建議所有變數在宣告同時也給初始值 int a, b ,c; // Declare three integers float x, y, z, w; // Declare four 32bit floating-point numbers int a = 0, b = 1, c; // a = 0 and b = 1 but c = ? float x = 1.2f, y, z, w = 1.0f; // x = 1.2 and w = 1.0 but y and z = ? // 1.2f means 1.2 is a 32-bit floating-point number // 1.2 means 1.2 is a 64-bit floating-point number Char S[100] = {0}; // All characters are zero

  36. Programming and Coding • Statements and Expressions • 運算式 Expressions • 一個運算式是由 變數(variables), 常數(constants), 運算子(operators)及函數呼叫 (functioncalls)所組成 • 任何運算式皆會算出一個值 (value). • 敘述 Statements • 一句敘述是由符號 (tokens), 運算式(expressions), 及其他敘述句所組成. • 以分號 (;)左為敘述句的結尾 int x; // A declaration statement x = 1 + 2 * 3 / 4; /* An assignment statement 1+2*3/ 4 is an expression */ x = printf("Hello\n"); /*An assignment statement printf("Hello\n"); is an expression */

  37. Programming and Coding • 左值(L-value)與右值(R-value) 非常重要的觀念! • 左值L-value: 可以放在等號的左邊 • 一定是一個變數  因為變數在記憶體裡佔有一席之地 • 一定代表著可以寫入資料的記憶體空間 • 常數constant不可以當左值 • 右值R-value: 可以放在等號的右邊 • 任何可提供數值的符號(變數或常數)都可以當右值, 但是要注意左值與右值的型態是否匹配 int x, y; x = 1 + 2 * 3 / 4; // x: L-value; 1+2*3/4: R-value y = x; // y: L-value; x: R-value 1+2*3/4 = y; // error! 1+2*3/4 cannot be a L-value x+1 = y; // error! x+1 cannot be a L-value int *p; // p 是一種專門存放某個 int變數的記憶體位址 // p 也是一種變數, 這種專門放位址的變數我們稱為指位器 (pointer) p = x; // error! p 與 x型態不匹配

  38. C/C++ Operators - 1 (listed by Wikipedia)

  39. C/C++ Operators - 2 (listed by Wikipedia)

  40. C/C++ Operators - 3 (listed by Wikipedia)

  41. Programming and Coding • 函數的規格 The specification of a function • Return_Type FunctionName(argument1, argument2, …. ); • Ex : • intgetchar(void); • int printf( const char *format [,argument]...); • 函數的呼叫 Function calling • Syntax: • Function_Name( ) • Function_Name( argument1, argument2, …. ) int x = getchar(); // Call getchar without argument to obtain an input character printf(“%d\n“, x); // Call printf with two arguments to display the value of x

  42. scanf & printf • scanf: 標準輸入函數; printf:標準輸出函數 • 使用前都要 #include <stdio.h> • 第一個參數是必要的，而且是一個字串，代表輸入/出的格式 • 第二個之後的參數都是選項，代表輸入/出的資料 • 往後我們會再詳細的介紹這兩個function • example： int x = 0, y = 0, z = 0; scanf("%d", &x); scanf("%d %d", &y, &z); printf("%d, %d, %d\n", x, y, z); scanf("%d%d%d", &x, &y, &z); printf("%d", x); printf("%d\t\n%d\n", y, z); %d: 依照順序抓後面的參數，並以十進位整數來處理 &變數名稱: 取出變數在記憶體的位址 \n:new line 換行 \t: tab

  43. 條件敘述 Condition Statements • if then else • Be careful for the declaration statements in block int x = 10; if(x == 1) printf("x is 1\n"); else printf("x is not 1\n"); // this line will be executed if(x = 1) printf("x is 1\n"); // this line will be executed, why? else printf("x is not 1\n"); int n; scanf("%d", &n); if(n >= 0){ int n = n; // An undefined behavior printf("%d is positive\n", n); } else printf("%d is negative\n", n);

  44. 條件敘述 Condition Statements • if … then … else … • Do not write such condition expression • if( 0<= x < 10 )  if( (0<=x) && (x < 10) ) It will always be true. Why?

  45. 條件敘述 Condition Statements • if … then … else … if(…){ …}else if(…){ …} else{ … } else{ // Error! … } if(…){ …}else{ if(…){ … } else{ … }} if(…){ …}else if(…){ …} else{ … }

  46. 重複性敘述 Iteration Statements • 重複性敘述代表這種敘述句會重複執行數次 • C++有三種重複性敘述 • while (expression){ … } • do { … } while (expression); • for (s-expression; expression; n-expression) { … } • 迴圈結束條件 loop-termination criteria • The r-value of expression is false • break • continue • The continue statement ignore the rest statements and passes control to the next iteration

  47. 重複性敘述 Iteration Statements • Compare these three cases: int n = 0, s = 0; scanf("%d", &n); while(n!=0){ s = s + n; n = n – 1; } printf("%d\n", s); int n = 0, s = 0; scanf("%d", &n); do{ s = s + n; n = n – 1; }while(n != 0); printf("%d\n", s); int n = 0, s = 0; int i = 0; scanf("%d", &n); for(i=1; i<=n; ++i) s = s + i; printf("%d\n", s);

  48. Compiler’s Warnings & Errors • 警告訊息 Warning messages • Warning不會中斷編譯工作. • Warning可以被忽略. int x = 1.0; warning C4244: '=' : conversion from 'double' to 'int', • 但是有些Warning不可以被忽略 int x = -1; unsigned int y = 0; if( x > y) printf("%d > %d", x, y); warning C4018: '>' : signed/unsigned mismatch

  49. Compiler’s Warnings & Errors • 錯誤訊息 error messages • 錯誤訊息會中斷編譯工作. • 錯誤訊息你必須去解決它. • x = 1 + 1 // syntax error : missing ';‘ • if( x<0){ x = 100; // fatal error : without right brace ‘}'

  50. Bugs • What is a bug? • 就是程式上的執行錯誤及瑕疵 • 早期的計算機由於體積非常龐大，有些小蟲子可能會鑽入機器內部，造成計算機工作失靈。因此用「Bug」來稱之。 • 例如: • 文法上錯誤 Lexical error • 連結失敗Linking failed • 使用到位初始化的變數 Uninitiated variable • 除以零 Divided by zero • 使用作業系統的資源造成的錯誤 System error • 邏輯上的錯誤 Logical error

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